Java Short Notes

Short notes for semester exam purpose

Give the name of top class of all the classes in java and top package
which is default package.
In Java, the top class of all classes is the Object class. All classes in Java are either direct or indirect
subclasses of the ‘Object’ class. It is located in the ‘java.lang’ package, and it provides a set of
common methods that are inherited by all Java objects.
The top package, which is the default package in Java, does not have an explicit name. When classes
are declared without a package statement, they are considered part of the default package. However,
it is generally recommended to avoid using the default package and instead organize classes into
proper packages to avoid potential naming conflicts and improve code maintainability.
If a class does not have a package declaration, it is placed in the default package.
For example:
// Class in the default package
public class MyClass {
// Class implementation
}

Again, it's important to emphasize that using the default package is discouraged, and it is better to
place classes in named packages.
 Java is not 100% pure object oriented programming language. Explain with suitable example.
Java is not considered a 100% pure object-oriented programming (OOP) language because it incorporates some non-OOP features. In a pure OOP
language, everything would be represented as objects, and there would be no constructs or entities outside of the object paradigm. However, Java
has certain elements that deviate from this pure OOP approach.
One example of a non-OOP feature in Java is the existence of primitive data types. In pure OOP languages, even basic data types like integers and
characters would be represented as objects. In Java, primitive data types are used for efficiency reasons, and they are not objects.
For instance, let's consider the primitive data type int and the wrapper class Integer in Java:
// Primitive data type
int myInt = 42;

// Wrapper class (Object)

Integer myInteger = new Integer(42); data type
In this example, int is a primitive data type used to store an integer value, and Integer is a wrapper class that allows us to treat an int as an object.
Since int is not an object itself, it cannot have methods or fields, unlike Integer.
Now, let's see how this deviates from pure OOP. In a pure OOP language, there would be no distinction between primitive types and objects. All
types, including basic data types, would be represented as objects, and you would be able to invoke methods on them.
For example, in a hypothetical pure OOP language:
// Pure OOP (hypothetical)
MyInt myInt = new MyInt(42);
myInt.print(); // A method call on the object
object
A method call on the object
In this hypothetical example, MyInt is an object representing an integer, and we can call the print method on it. However, in actual Java, this is
not possible with the primitive int type.
Despite Java's incorporation of some non-OOP features, it remains predominantly an object-oriented language due to its strong support for
classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. These OOP features make Java an effective and popular language for building
object-oriented applications.
What is JVM? Also explain the role of Garbage Collector with suitable program.
• JVM stands for "Java Virtual Machine." It is an essential part of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and serves as an execution engine that
allows Java bytecode to be executed on various hardware platforms without modification. In other words, JVM acts as an intermediary
between Java applications and the underlying hardware.

• When a Java program is compiled, it is transformed into platform-independent bytecode, which is a set of instructions that the JVM can
interpret. The JVM then takes care of loading, verifying, and executing this bytecode on the host machine.

• The JVM provides several key functionalities, including:

1. Classloader: Responsible for loading Java classes into memory as they are referenced by the application.

2. Bytecode Verifier: Ensures that the bytecode is valid and does not violate security constraints before executing it.

3. Execution Engine: Interprets the bytecode or, in some cases, may use Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation to translate bytecode into native
machine code for improved performance.

4. Memory Management: Handles memory allocation for objects and manages memory resources efficiently.

• Garbage Collector: The Garbage Collector (GC) is a crucial component of the JVM responsible for automatic memory management. It
identifies and frees up memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use, thereby preventing memory leaks and allowing the
programmer to focus on application logic rather than memory deallocation.

• Role of Garbage Collector with an example:

• Consider a simple Java program that creates and uses some objects:
 Compare Java and C++
Aspect Java C++
Paradigm Object-Oriented Programming Multi-paradigm (Object-Oriented, Procedural, Generic)
Platform Platform-independent (Write Once, Run Anywhere) Platform-dependent
Garbage Collection (automatic memory
Memory Management Manual memory management using new/delete or smart pointers
management)
Pointers No pointers (references available) Supports pointers
Multiple Inheritance No (supports multiple interface implementation) Supports multiple inheritance
Operator Overloading Limited (e.g., string concatenation) Supports operator overloading
Exception Handling Exception handling using try-catch blocks Exception handling using try-catch blocks and throw keyword
Built-in support for multithreading through threads Supports multithreading with the help of libraries like POSIX
Threading
and synchronized keyword threads
Standard Library Extensive standard library (Java Standard Library) Standard Template Library (STL)
Prone to memory-related bugs and vulnerabilities due to pointer
Memory Safety Relatively safer (no pointer arithmetic)
manipulation
Generally slower (due to garbage collection and
Performance Generally faster (closer to the hardware, compiled code)
bytecode interpretation)
Compiled to bytecode, executed by Java Virtual
Compilation Compiled to machine code
Machine (JVM)
Web development, Android app development, System-level programming, Game development, Performance-
Popular Uses
Enterprise applications critical applications

Note: Both Java and C++ have their strengths and weaknesses, and the choice between them depends on the specific
requirements of the project, the development team's expertise, and other factors.
Explain ‘static’ and ‘this’ keyword with suitable example
• Both "static" and "this" are keywords used in object-oriented programming languages, like Java or C#, to refer
to specific elements in a class. Let's explain each keyword with a suitable example:
1. Static Keyword: The "static" keyword is used to define class-level elements that belong to the class itself, rather
than to a specific instance of the class. When a member (field or method) is marked as static, it means there is
only one copy of that member shared by all instances of the class.
public class Counter {
// Static variable
private static int count = 0;
// Static method
public static void increment() {
count++;
}
2. This Keyword: The "this" keyword is used to refer to the current instance of a class. It is mainly used to
disambiguate between instance variables (belonging to the object) and local variables (defined within a method)
when they have the same name.
public class Person{
2. { private String name;
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
Explain the features of Java
• Java is a versatile and popular programming language known for its platform independence, robustness, and ease of use. It has been used in various
domains, including web development, enterprise applications, mobile apps, and more. Here are some of the key features that make Java stand out:
1. Platform Independence (Write Once, Run Anywhere - WORA): Java code is compiled into an intermediate form called bytecode, which can be
executed on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This enables Java programs to run on different operating systems without
modification, making it highly portable.
2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Principles: Java follows the principles of OOP, allowing developers to create modular and reusable code.
Key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation are integral to Java's design.
3. Strongly Typed: Java is a strongly typed language, meaning each variable must be declared with a specific data type, and type-checking is
performed at compile-time. This helps catch type-related errors early in the development process.
4. Garbage Collection: Java includes an automatic memory management system known as garbage collection. It periodically identifies and frees up
memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use, reducing the burden on developers to manage memory manually and avoiding common
memory-related issues like memory leaks.
5. Multithreading: Java supports multithreading, allowing developers to create concurrent applications that can perform multiple tasks
simultaneously. This is particularly useful for improving the performance of applications that need to handle multiple operations concurrently.
6. Robust Standard Library: Java comes with a rich set of libraries (Java Standard Edition - Java SE) that provides extensive functionalities for tasks
like networking, I/O, data manipulation, and more. Additionally, there are various open-source libraries and frameworks available to further enhance
development capabilities.
7. Security: Java was designed with security in mind, and the JVM enforces several security features, such as sandboxing, to prevent unauthorized
access and malicious actions. This makes Java a preferred choice for building secure applications and applets.
8. Exception Handling: Java has a robust exception handling mechanism that allows developers to handle errors and exceptional situations gracefully.
It ensures that errors do not lead to program crashes and provides a structured way to deal with unexpected issues.
9. Open Source Community: Java has a large and active open-source community, contributing to the development of numerous libraries, frameworks,
and tools. This fosters innovation and continuous improvement of the language.
10. Performance: While Java might not be the fastest programming language, it is optimized for performance, and the JVM has matured over the years,
making it increasingly efficient.
• These features collectively contribute to Java's widespread use and popularity, making it a powerful and flexible language for building a wide range
of applications across different platforms.
Define HashSet and TreeSet.
1. HashSet: HashSet is a data structure in computer science that represents an unordered collection of unique elements. It is part of the
Java Collections Framework and is available in various programming languages. The main characteristic of a HashSet is that it does
not allow duplicate elements, and it uses a mechanism called hashing to achieve efficient storage and retrieval of elements.
• Key features of HashSet:
• Unordered collection: The elements in a HashSet are not stored in any specific order.
• No duplicates: HashSet does not allow duplicate elements. It ensures that all elements in the set are unique.
• Hashing: To efficiently store and retrieve elements, HashSet uses a hashing function to map elements to their corresponding positions
in an underlying array.
• Constant-time operations: Most of the fundamental operations like adding, removing, and checking for the presence of an element in
a HashSet have an average time complexity of O(1).
2. TreeSet: TreeSet is another data structure in the Java Collections Framework that represents a sorted set of unique elements.
Unlike HashSet, TreeSet maintains the elements in a sorted order, which can be either the natural ordering of the elements (if they
implement the Comparable interface) or a custom ordering provided by a Comparator.
• Key features of TreeSet:
• Sorted collection: The elements in a TreeSet are stored in sorted order, which provides efficient access in ascending or descending
order.
• No duplicates: Similar to HashSet, TreeSet also does not allow duplicate elements.
• Balanced binary search tree: TreeSet uses a balanced binary search tree (specifically, a Red-Black Tree) to maintain the sorted order
of elements.
• Logarithmic time operations: Most fundamental operations like adding, removing, and searching for an element in a TreeSet have a
time complexity of O(log n).
 What is JDBC? Explain the types of JDBC.
• JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity. It is a Java API (Application Programming Interface) that provides a standard way for Java programs to interact with
relational databases. With JDBC, Java applications can send SQL queries to databases, retrieve data from them, and update the data.
• The JDBC API consists of a set of interfaces and classes that allow developers to perform database operations without having to deal with the underlying database-
specific details. It acts as an abstraction layer between the Java application and the database.
• Types of JDBC drivers: JDBC drivers are software components that facilitate the communication between Java applications and databases. There are four types of
JDBC drivers, categorized based on their architecture and how they interact with the database:
1. Type 1 (JDBC-ODBC Bridge):
1. This type of driver uses the ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) API to connect to the database. It requires the ODBC driver to be installed on the client machine, and the Java application
uses the JDBC-ODBC bridge to access the ODBC driver.
2. Since it relies on ODBC, it may not be the most efficient option and might not be available on all platforms.
3. Type 1 drivers are mainly used for experimental or testing purposes, as they are generally considered outdated and not recommended for production use.

2. Type 2 (JDBC-Native API):

1. These drivers use native database API provided by the database vendor to communicate with the database.
2. The driver converts JDBC method calls into native API calls, which are then executed on the database server.
3. They typically offer better performance compared to Type 1 drivers and don't require an ODBC driver.
4. However, they are still platform-dependent and may not be suitable for all operating systems.

3. Type 3 (JDBC-Net Pure Java):

1. Type 3 drivers use a middleware server as an intermediate layer between the Java application and the database server.
2. The Java application communicates with the middleware server, which, in turn, communicates with the database server using the database's native protocol.
3. This architecture allows the Java application to be platform-independent, as the middleware handles the database-specific communication.
4. Type 3 drivers are also known as Network Protocol drivers.

4. Type 4 (JDBC-Net Pure Java):

1. Type 4 drivers, also known as Direct-to-Database drivers or Thin drivers, communicate directly with the database server using the database's native protocol.
2. Unlike Type 3 drivers, Type 4 drivers do not use an intermediate middleware server; instead, they establish a direct connection between the Java application and the database server.
3. These drivers are written entirely in Java and don't require any additional software to be installed on the client machine.
4. They are the most commonly used drivers in production environments due to their portability, performance, and ease of use.

• In summary, while there are four types of JDBC drivers, Type 4 (JDBC-Net Pure Java) drivers are the most widely used and recommended option for Java applications
accessing relational databases in production environments.
Explain Event delegation model in Java with suitable example
• In Java, the event delegation model is a design pattern used to handle events efficiently and flexibly. It allows a single event
listener to manage multiple events from different sources or components. Instead of attaching event listeners to individual
components, the event delegation model delegates the responsibility of handling events to a common ancestor component ,
typically a container that contains all the components generating events.

• The event delegation model has several advantages:

1. Reduced memory footprint: With fewer event listeners attached directly to components, memory usage is reduced.

2. Simplified event management: Managing events is easier since there is only one centralized listener.

3. Dynamic handling: New components can be added or removed without needing to register or unregister event listeners
explicitly.

By using the event delegation model, we have avoided attaching individual action listeners to each button, making the code
more efficient and easier to maintain. Additionally, if we add more buttons dynamically, they will automatically inherit the
event handling behavior, simplifying the management of events within the GUI.
 Write difference between Swing and AWT.
Sure, here's a tabular comparison between Swing and AWT components:
Please note that this table is based on information available up to September 2021. If there have been any updates or changes since then, they might
not be reflected in this table.

Feature Swing Components AWT Components

Origin Introduced in Java 1.2 as an extension of AWT Original GUI library in Java (Java 1.0)

Consistent look and feel across platforms with

Look and Feel Native OS look and feel, may vary across platforms
"pluggable look and feel"

Highly customizable with pluggable look and feel

Customizability Limited customization due to native look and feel
mechanisms

Lightweight, drawn on a single heavyweight

Lightweight/Heavyweight Heavyweight, associated with native OS-level window
container

Offers a broader range of components (JTable,

Additional Components Basic set of components, fewer options available
JTree, JSlider, etc.)

Not thread-safe, GUI updates must be done on the Event

Threading Model Built-in support for threading, thread-safe
Dispatch Thread (EDT)
Explain generic using classes and generic types in java.
• Generics in Java
• The Java Generics programming is introduced in J2SE 5 to deal with type-safe objects. It makes the code stable by detecting the bugs at compile time.
• Before generics, we can store any type of objects in the collection, i.e., non-generic. Now generics force the java programmer to store a specific type of objects.
• Advantage of Java Generics
• There are mainly 3 advantages of generics. They are as follows:
• 1) Type-safety: We can hold only a single type of objects in generics. It doesn?t allow to store other objects.
• Without Generics, we can store any type of objects.
• 2) Type casting is not required: There is no need to typecast the object.
• 3) Compile-Time Checking: It is checked at compile time so problem will not occur at runtime. The good programming strategy says it is far better to handle the
problem at compile time than runtime.
1. import java.util.*;
2. class TestGenerics1{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();
5. list.add("rahul");
6. list.add("jai");
7. //list.add(32);//compile time error
8.
9. String s=list.get(1);//type casting is not required
10. System.out.println("element is: "+s);
11.
12. Iterator<String> itr=list.iterator();
13. while(itr.hasNext()){
14. System.out.println(itr.next());
15. }
16. }
17. }