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Wireless Lecture 1.0
Wireless Lecture 1.0
Lecture One
Introduction
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Introduction
What will computers look like in ten years?
No one can make a wholly accurate prediction, but as a general feature, most computers will certainly
be portable.
How will users access networks with the help of computers or other communication devices?
An ever-increasing number without any wires, i.e., wireless.
How will people spend much of their time at work, during vacation?
Many people will be mobile – already one of the key characteristics of today’s society.
Think, for example, of an aircraft with 800 seats. Modern aircraft already offer limited
network access to passengers, and aircraft of the next generation will offer easy Internet
access. 5
Introduction…
In this scenario, a mobile network moving at high speed above ground with a
wireless link will be the only means of transporting data to and from
passengers.
Think of cars with Internet access and billions of embedded processors that
have to communicate with, for instance, cameras, mobile phones, CD-players,
headsets, keyboards, intelligent traffic signs and sensors.
This plethora of devices and applications show the great importance of mobile
communications today.
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Introduction… User mobility and device portability
User mobility
Refers to a user who has access to the same or similar telecommunication services at
different places,
i.e., the user can be mobile, and the services will follow him or her.
Examples for mechanisms supporting user mobility are
Simple call-forwarding solutions known from the telephone
Computer desktops supporting roaming
i.e., the desktop looks the same no matter which computer a user uses to log into the
network.
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Introduction… User mobility and device portability
Device portability
The communication device moves (with or without user).
Many mechanisms in the network and inside the device have to
make sure that communication is still possible while the device is
moving.
A typical example for systems supporting device portability
Is the mobile phone system, where the system itself hands the
device from one radio transmitter (also called a base station) to
the next if the signal becomes too weak
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Introduction…
Mobile computing systems are computing systems that may be easily moved physically and
whose computing capabilities may be used while they are being moved.
Examples:
Laptops,
Personal digital assistants (PDAs), and
Pocket computers
Notepad
Mobile phones etc.
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Communication System
Communication Systems can be Wired or Wireless and
The medium used for communication can be Guided or Unguided.
In Wired Communication, the medium is a physical path like
Co-axial Cables,
Which guides the signal to propagate from one point to other. So called Guided
In Wireless Communication doesn’t require any physical medium but propagates the signal
through space.
Since, space only allows for signal transmission without any guidance, the medium used in
Wireless Communication is called Unguided Medium
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Communication System….
If there is no physical medium, then how does wireless communication
transmit signals?
Even though there are no cables used in wireless communication, the
transmission and reception of signals is accomplished with Antennas.
Antennas are electrical devices that transform the electrical signals to radio
signals in the form of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves and vice versa
(to couple the energy from the transmitter to the out side world and,
in reverse, from the outside world to the receiver).
These Electromagnetic Waves propagates through space.
Hence, both transmitter and receiver consists of an antenna.
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What is Electromagnetic Wave (EM)?
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Why Wireless Communication?
When wired communication can do most of the tasks that a wireless communication can, why do we need
Wireless Communication? Enabling us stay connected
—every where
The primary and important benefit of wireless communication is mobility. —every times
Also offers flexibility and ease of use, which makes it increasingly popular day – by – day
Wireless Communication like mobile telephony can be made anywhere and anytime with a considerably high throughput
performance.
The setup and installation of infrastructure for wired communication systems is an expensive and time
consuming job.
The infrastructure for wireless communication can be installed easily and low cost
In emergency situations and remote locations, where the setup of wired communication is difficult,
wireless communication is a viable option
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Why Wireless Communication?...
During the past three decades, the world has seen significant changes in the telecommunications industry.
There have been some remarkable aspects to the rapid growth in wireless communications, as seen by the large expansion
in mobile systems.
Wireless systems consist of
Wireless Wide-Area Networks (WWAN) [i.e., cellular systems]
Wireless Local rea Networks (WLAN) and
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)
The handsets used in all of these systems possess complex functionality, yet they have become small, low power consuming
devices that are mass produced at a low cost, which has in turn accelerated their widespread use.
The recent advancements in Internet technology have increased network traffic considerably, resulting in a rapid growth of
data rates.
This phenomenon has also had an impact on mobile systems, resulting in the extraordinary growth of the mobile Internet
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Why Wireless Communication?...
Wireless data offerings are now evolving to suit consumers due to the simple reason that the Internet has
become an everyday tool and users demand data mobility.
Currently, wireless data represents about 15 to 20% of all air time.
While success has been concentrated in vertical markets such as public safety, health care, and
transportation, the horizontal market (i.e., consumers) for wireless data is growing.
In 2005, more than 20 million people were using wireless e-mail.
The Internet has changed user expectations of what data access means.
The ability to retrieve information via the Internet has been “an amplifier of demand” for wireless data applications
Such keen interest in both industries is prompting user demand for converged services.
With more than a billion Internet users expected by 2050, the potential market for Internet-related wireless data
services is quite large
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Why Wireless Communication?... So
Cellular systems have experienced exponential growth over the last decade and there are currently about two
billion users worldwide.
Cellular phones have become a critical business tool and part of everyday life in most developed countries, and
they are rapidly supplanting antiquated wireline systems in many developing countries
WLANs currently replace wired networks in many homes, businesses, and campuses.
Many new applications – including wireless sensor networks, automated highways and factories, smart homes
and appliances, and remote telemedicine – are emerging from research ideas to concrete systems.
The explosive growth of wireless systems coupled with the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers
suggests a bright future for wireless networks, both as stand-alone systems and as part of the larger
networking infrastructure.
However, many technical challenges remain in designing robust wireless networks that deliver the performance necessary to support emerging applications.
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Why Wireless Communication?
Wireless communications is, by any measure, the fastest growing segment of the communications industry.
As such, it has captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.
Security
Range:
Wireless network has limited range
It is possible that an intruder can intercept the signals Users can only connect to the network if they are within a
and copy sensitive information. Vulnerable than wired certain distance of the access points
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Introduction … sample
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History of Wireless Communications
The first wireless networks were developed in the pre-industrial age.
Traditional communication methods over distances
These systems transmitted information over line-of-sight distances (later extended by
telescopes) using smoke signals, torch signaling, flashing mirrors, signal flares, or semaphore
flags.
An elaborate set of signal combinations was developed to convey complex messages with
these rudimentary signals.
Observation stations were built on hilltops and along roads to relay these
messages over large distances.
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History : How wireless started
Ancient Systems –
Shouts and jungle drums ,smoke signals, light ,Carrier
Pigeons,…….
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History : How wireless started
Then – practical applications of wireless communication emerged
By harnessing the properties of EM waves scientists have been able to transmit and
receive information over long distances
Especially
Marconi succeeded & invented the wireless telegraph in 1896.
In 1895, a few decades after the telephone was invented, Marconi demonstrated
the first radio transmission from the Isle of Wight to a tugboat 18 miles away, and
radio communications was born.
Radio technology advanced rapidly to enable transmissions over larger distances
with better quality, less power, and smaller, cheaper devices, thereby enabling
public and private radio communications, television, and wireless networking.
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History : How wireless started
Early radio systems transmitted analog signals.
Today most radio systems transmit digital signals composed of binary bits.
A digital radio can transmit a continuous bit stream or it can group the bits into
packets.
The latter type of radio is called a packet radio.
The first network based on packet radio, ALOHANET, was developed at the University of
Hawaii in 1971.
This network enabled computer sites at seven campuses spread out over four islands to
communicate with a central computer on Oahu via radio transmission.
The network architecture used a star topology with the central computer at its hub.
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History : How wireless started
Any two computers could establish a bi-directional communications link between them by
going through the central hub.
ALOHANET incorporated the first set of protocols for channel access and routing in packet
radio systems, and many of the underlying principles in these protocols are still in use today.
Then wired Ethernet technology in the 1970s introduced
However, these initial wireless LANs had very poor performance in terms of data rates and coverage.
This poor performance – coupled with concerns about security, lack of standardization, and high cost
The current generation of wireless LANs, based on the family of IEEE 802.11 standards, have
better performance, although the data rates are still relatively low (maximum 10 Mbps) and the
coverage area is still small (around 100 m).
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History : How wireless started
Wired Ethernets today offer data rates of 1 Gbps, and the performance gap between wired and
wireless LANs is likely to increase over time without additional spectrum allocation.
Despite their lower data rates, wireless LANs are becoming the preferred Internet access
method in many homes, offices, and campus environments owing to their convenience and
freedom from wires.
The challenge for future wireless LANs will be to support many users simultaneously with
bandwidth-intensive and delay-constrained applications such as video.
Range extension is also a critical goal for future wireless LAN systems
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History : How wireless started
By far the most successful application of wireless networking has been the cellular telephone
system.
The roots of this system began in 1915, when wireless voice transmission between NewYork and
San Francisco was first established. When in Ethiopia??
In 1946, public mobile telephone service was introduced in 25 cities across the United States.
Severely limited the system capacity: thirty years after the introduction of mobile telephone service, the New
York system could support only 543 users.
A solution to this capacity problem emerged during the 1950s and 1960s as researchers at
AT&T Bell Laboratories developed the cellular concept
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History : The First Systems
Unidirectional information transmission
Was done for entertainment broadcasting.
By the late 1930s,
The need for bidirectional wireless mobile
communications emerged.
Military ,police departments ,fire station….
Many sophisticated military radio systems were
developed during and after WW2
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History :The First Systems…
1946, the first mobile telephone system Called Mobile Telephone Service (MTS)—for car
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History :The First Systems…
Researchers at AT&T’s Bell Labs found the answer:
The cellular principle, where the geographical area is divided
into cells; different cells might use the same frequencies.
To this day, this principle forms the basis for the majority of
wireless comm
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite (Sputnik).
The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach
ball (58 cm or 22.8 inches in diameter)
And the U.S.A. soon followed.
NASA/Bell Laboratories’ Echo-1 in 1960
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History: Analog Cellular Systems
The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with research
conducted at Motorola.
Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles, but these large and heavy
models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile’s engine
running
While Motorola was developing a cellular phone, from 1968 to 1983 Bell Labs
worked out a system called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) (IG),
which became the first cellular network standard in the United States
In 1983 Motorola introduced the DynaTAC 8000x, the first commercially
available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried.
He later introduced the so-called Bag Phone
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History: Analog Cellular Systems…
Even though the US based BELL lab introduced the cellular
principle, the Nordic countries were the first to introduce
cellular services for commercial use with the introduction
of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981.
So what was so great about NMT? Well, NMT had a
superior range compared to other systems.
Even if you were far away from a pole, you could still place
a call.
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History: Analog Cellular Systems…
1970s saw a revived interest in cellular communications
Device shrinking made the vision of “portable” devices more
realistic.
Motorola, AT&T, Ericson
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system
Use digital switching technology that allowed them to
combine different cells in a large area into a single network
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
Analog phone standards in the U.S.A
Is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate
frequencies, or “channels”, for each conversation
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…
Be remind that 1980s device is became portable but don’t handheld
They all called carphones
Due to they specifically designed for and fitted into an automobile.
But at the end of the 1980s, handheld phones with good speech quality and quite acceptable
battery lifetime flourish.
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History: GSM and the Worldwide Cellular Revolution
Analog phones have a bad spectral efficiency and due to the rapid growth of the cellular market, operators had a high
interest in making room for more customers
1st generation analog cellular standards (such as AMPS, NMT)
Poor voice quality , Large phone size, Poor battery life, No security
Suffer from interference problem
Limited capacity, Poor hand-off reliability, Very slow speed
The shortcomings of these systems signaled the need for a more efficient cellular technology that could also be
used internationally.
Many of the first-generation cellular systems in Europe were incompatible, and In 1990s, the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) group came up with a uniform standard for second-generation (2G) digital systems called GSM.
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM).
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History: GSM and the Worldwide Cellular Revolution…
GSM is a digital mobile network that is widely used by mobile phone users in Europe
and other parts of the world
GSM got wide acceptance with short period
Better speech quality, support for hand-held devices, low service cost, support for
new services and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) capability and the
possibility for secure communications.
By the year 2000, market penetration in Western Europe and Japan had exceeded
50% growth rates were spectacular
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Overview of Cellular communication Systems
1G: Basic mobile telephony service
• Used Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Based on analog cellular technology
• At the introduction of 1G services, the mobile device was
American Mobile Phone (AMPS) and NMT in Europe large in size, and would only fi t in the trunk of a car.
2G: mobile telephony services for mass users with encryption and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum
Digital cellular technology……… GSM and CDMA • Improve voice quality and provide a set of rich voice features.
2.5G: Mobile Internet/data services together with voice services
Packet switching technology adding into 2G
Providing mobile data services over 2G networks
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE
3G: enhanced 2.5G services with improved mobile internet services and emerging new applications
CDMA2000 and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
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Basic Elements of a Wireless Communication System
A typical Wireless Communication System can be divided into three elements:
1. The Transmitter,
2. The Channel and
3. The Receiver
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Cont…
The Transmission Path
Consists of
Encoder: converts the signal in to a suitable form for applying signal processing techniques.
Encryption: the signal and the information is secured and doesn’t allow any unauthorized access
Modulation: the signal is modulated using a suitable Modulation Technique (like PSK, FSK and QPSK etc.) , so
that the signal can be easily transmitted using antenna.
Multiplexing: The modulated signal is then multiplexed with other signals using different Multiplexing
Techniques like Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) to share the
valuable bandwidth
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Cont…
The Channel
The channel in Wireless Communication indicates the medium of transmission of the signal
i.e. open space.
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Types of Services
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Types of Services
Broadcast
The first wireless service was broadcast radio.
Properties
information is only sent in one direction
transmitted information is the same for all users.
information is transmitted continuously.
Simple
Transmitter does not need to have any knowledge or consideration about the receivers
Simplex
No. of users does not matter
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Cont…
Paging
Unidirectional wireless communications systems.
As a very simple receiver, a pager can only display short text messages, has a tiny display, and cannot
send any messages.
Properties
User can only receive information, but cannot transmit.
The information is intended for, and received by, only a single user.
The amount of transmitted information is very small.
Used by..doctors , police allowing them to react to emergencies in shorter time.
Better area coverage
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Cont…
Cellular Telephony
Most important form of wireless communications.
Properties
Information flow is bidirectional.(full duplex)
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Cont…
Trunking radio
There is no connection between the wireless system and the PSTN;
It allows the communications of closed user groups.
Obvious applications include police departments, fire departments, taxis, and similar
Services
Group calls: several users simultaneously, or several conference call between multiple users of the system.
Call priorities: enable the prioritization of calls and allow dropping a low-priority call in favor of a high-priority
one.
Relay networks: the range of the network can be extended by using each Mobile Station (MS) as a relay station for
other MSs .
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Cont…
Cordless telephony
Originally designed to provide a low-cost, low-mobility wireless connection to the PSTN, that is, a short
wireless link to replace the cord connecting a telephone base unit and its handset.
Describes a wireless link between a handset and a BS that is directly connected to the public telephone
system.
Main difference from a cellphone
Is associated with, and can communicate with, only a single BS
Thus no mobile switching center; rather, the BS is directly connected to the PSTN.
Properties
No need to find out the location of the MS.
There is no central system, there is no need for (and no possibility for) frequency planning.
There are no network operators that can charge fees for connections from the MS to the BS; rather,
the only occurring fees are the fees from the BS into the PSTN.
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Cont…
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
Very similar to that of cordless phones
Connecting a single mobile user device to a public landline system. Laptop -to-Internet.
Main advantage is convenience for the user, allowing mobility.
WLANs can even be used for connecting fixed-location computers (desktops)
A major difference between wireless LANs and cordless phones is the required data rate
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…
Cordless 64kbps more than 700kbps for WLAN
A number of standards have been developed for WLAN, all of which carry the identifier IEEE
802.11.
The original IEEE 802.11 standard 1Mbit/s,
The very popular 802.11b standard (also known under the name WiFi) allows up to 11Mbit/s and the 802.11a
standard extends that to 55Mbit/s.
Even higher rates are realized by the 802.11n standard that was introduced in 2008/2009.
WLAN devices can, in principle, connect to any BS (access point) that uses the same standard.
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Cont…
Personal area network(PAN)
Coverage area even smaller than that of WLANs,
Number of standards for PANs have been developed by the IEEE 802.15 group
Intended for simple “cable replacement” duties.
For example, Bluetooth standard allow to connect a hands-free headset to a phone without
requiring a cable; in that case, the distance between the two devices is less than a meter.
In such applications, data rates are fairly low (<1Mbit/s).
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PAN…
Networks for even smaller distances like Body Area Networks (BANs), which
enable communications between devices located on various parts of a user’s
body.
Monitoring of patients’ health and of medical devices(e.g., pacemakers).
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Services…
Fixed Wireless Access
Essentially replacing a dedicated cable connection between the user and the public landline
system.
No mobility of the user devices
The distances bridged by fixed wireless access devices are much larger (between 100m and
several tens of kilometers).
Its main market for covering rural areas, and for establishing connections in developing
countries that do not have any wired infrastructure in place.
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Services..
where certain components (base stations, TV transmitters, etc.) are intended by design to
be in a fixed location, to control over the network and interface with other networks.
An alternative in which there is only one type of equipment, and those devices, all of which may be
mobile, organize themselves into a network according to their location and according to necessity.
Such networks are called ad hoc networks
There can still be “controllers” in an ad hoc network, but the choice of which device acts as master and
which as slave is done opportunistically whenever a network is formed .
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…
The advantages of ad hoc networks
low costs (because no infrastructure is required), high flexibility.
The drawbacks
Reduced efficiency, smaller communication range, and restrictions on the number of devices
that can be included in a network.
Ad hoc networks play a major role in the recent abundance of sensor networks, which allow
communications between machines for the purpose of building control (controlling air
conditioning, lighting, etc., based on sensor data), factory automation, surveillance, etc.
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Satellite Systems
Commercial satellite systems are another major component of the wireless communications infrastructure
The most appealing use for a satellite system is the broadcast of video and audio over large geographic
regions.
Distance several hundred kilometers
The transmit powers need to be larger,
High-gain antennas need to be used
Communications from within buildings is almost impossible
Costs of setting up a satellite – are much higher
Bluetooth radios provide short-range connections between wireless devices along with
rudimentary networking capabilities.
The Bluetooth standard is based on a tiny microchip incorporating a radio transceiver that is built into
digital devices.
Mainly for short-range communications.
Its normal range of operation is 10 m (at 1-mW transmit power), 62
Is wireless mobile?
or
Is mobile wireless?
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…
A communication device can exhibit any one of the following characteristics:
Fixed and wired
Example the typical desktop computer in an office.
Neither weight nor power consumption of the devices allow for mobile usage.
The devices use fixed networks for performance reasons.
Mobile and wired:
Many of yesterday’s laptops fall into this category; users carry the laptop from one hotel to the next,
reconnecting to the company’s network via the telephone network and a modem.
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…
Fixed and wireless:
This mode is used for installing networks, e.g., in historical buildings to avoid damage by installing
wires, or at trade shows to ensure fast network setup.
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Summary Service ?
Broadcast
Paging
Cellular Telephony
What are the different types of Trunking Radio
Cordless Telephony
wireless services that we have seen Wireless LAN,PAN,BAN
on the previous class? Fixed wireless access
Ad hoc and sensor Nets
Satellite services
Low-Cost, Low-Power Radios
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Requirements criteria…which services is best ?
Data rate
Range & no of users
Mobility
Different applications have different Energy consumption
requirements? Use of spectrum
Direction of transmissions
Service Quality
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Economic and social aspects of these services
Strength
Social & cultural factor
Mobile life style (Anytime Anywhere)
Increase of social communication
Increase revenue & productivity
Ease of setup
Less expensive
Development in mobile devices(dynamic)
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Cont…
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List some wireless system applications in different areas of
our life?
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Applications
Although many applications can benefit from wireless networks and mobile communications, particular
application environments seem to be predestined for their use
Music, news, road conditions, weather reports, and other broadcast infor are received via digital audio broadcasting
Vehicles
global positioning system (GPS).
An ambulance with a high-quality wireless connection to a hospital.
Emergencies Vital information about injured persons can be sent to the hospital from the scene of the accident.
Business A travelling salesman today needs instant access to the company’s database: to ensure that files on his
or her laptop reflect the current situation,
Agriculture
Replacement of wired networks e.g., remote sensors, for tradeshows, or in historic buildings.
Infotainment and more Internet everywhere? Not without wireless networks! Imagine a travel guide for a city.
It is important for an application to ‘know’ something about the location or the user might need location
Location dependent services information for further activities. Location aware services 71
At Home
WiFi
WiFi
UWB
bluetooth
WiFi
cellular
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On the Move
Source: http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/
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On the Move: Context-Aware
Source: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aura/docdir/sensay_iswc.pdf
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On the Road
GSM/UMTS, c
cdmaOne/cdma2000, ho
ad
WLAN, GPS
DAB, TETRA, ...
road
road condition,
condition,
weather,
weather,
location-based
location-based services,
services,
emergency
emergency
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Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
Next-generation Cellular
Wireless Internet Access
Wireless Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart Homes/Spaces
Automated Highways
In-Body Networks
All this and more …
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THE END!
Q?
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Assignment 1(5%)---Deadline next classes
In this introductory chapter students must :
Briefly review the history of wireless networks from the smoke signals of the pre-industrial
age to the cellular, satellite, and other wireless networks of today.
Then discuss the wireless vision in more detail, including the technical challenges that must
still be overcome.
Describe current wireless systems along with emerging systems and standards.
Explains the gap between current and emerging systems and the vision for future wireless
applications indicates that much work remains to be done to make this vision a reality.
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