Animals

Plants
Today we are going to learn about

Plants Fungi

Animals
Specific objectives
•To understand common features of plants, animals and fungi.
• To recall the examples and simplify the biodiversity.
Evolution
Plants : Distinguishing features
• They contain simpler plants like mosses and
ferns.
• Plants are multicellular.
• With the help of chlorophyll pigments they can
perform photosynthesis.
• They produce both organic and inorganic
compounds.
• Plant cell outer layer cell wall is composed of
cellulose.
• Organic compounds produced by plants :
storage substance called carbohydrates.
• Sugar sucrose is transported around the plants
and also stored in fruits and other plant organs.
 Animals
• It contains species Homo sapiens i.e. humans.
• Animal kingdom is enormous including organisms like sponges, molluscs, worms,
starfish, insects and crustaceans through to larger animals such as fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds and mammals.
• The animals grouped in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are names as
vertebrates since they have vertebral column in them. All other animals lack this feature
and are called invertebrates.
• Animals are multicellular organisms.
• Their cells do not have chloroplast so they cannot make their food. Instead they feed on
other animals and plants
• Animal cells lack cell wall so animal cells can have variable shape.
• Movement in animals can be of various form but involves coordination from nervous
system
• They store carbohydrates in their cells in the form of glycogen.
Animals: Distinguishing feature

Vertebrates
and
Invertebrates

Animal cell stores

carbohydrates in their
cells as compound
glycogen
 Fungi
• Mushrooms, toadstools and moulds which are multicellular.
• Yeasts are unicellular in live on the surface of fruits, soil, water or
even in dust present in air.
• The yeast powder used for baking consists of millions of yeast cells.
• The cells of fungi never contain chloroplast so they cannot
photosynthesize. They have cell walls but are not composed of
cellulose.
• A mushroom is the reproductive structure of a fruiting body
• Under the soil mushroom has fine threads called hyphae
• A mould is like mushroom without fruiting body. It only consists of
network of hyphae. The whole network is called mycelium.
• Mould feeds by absorbing nutrients from dead material so they are
present in soil, rotting leaves or decaying fruit.
Pin mould is called mucor. Hyphae of
mucor has cell walls surrounding their
cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains
many nuclei.
When a spore from mucor lands on any
food, hyphae grows out from it. The
hyphae grows again and again until
mycelium covers the surface of the
food. The hyphae secretes digestive
enzymes on to the food breaking them
into soluble substances such as sugar
and then it is absorbed by the mould.
When an organism feeds on dead
organic matter and digestion takes
place outside the organism this is
called saprophytic nutrition.
Protoctists
• They are sometimes categorized as ‘
dustbin kingdom ’. They are mixed group of
organisms that do not fit into any group
• They are microscopic single-celled
organisms.
• Some look like animal cells, such as
amoeba, lives in pond water . They are
known as protozoa.
• Some have chloroplast and they carry
photosynthesis . they are called algae.
• Most algae are unicellular , but some
species seaweeds they are multicellular
and are larger in size.
• Protoctists are the agents of disease, such
as plasmodium , they causes malaria.
Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotic means having ‘nucleus’ • Organisms made up of simpler
– their cells contain nucleus are cells , which have no nucleus,
surrounded by a membrane, along mitochondria or chloroplasts.
with other membrane-bound These are called prokaryotic
organelles. cells.
• Such as mitochondria and • Prokaryotic means before
chloroplast. nucleus.
• Examples : Animals & Plants • Examples : bacteria
Bacteria
• They are small single-celled organisms.
• They are smaller than eukaryotic organisms.
• Animal cell size : 10 to 50 micrometer in diameter.
• Typical bacterium : 1 to 5 micrometer in length and
its volume is thousands of times smaller than that of
animal cell.
• Bacteria possess cell wall which help to keep shape
of the cell.
• Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan.
• Some species have a extra protective layer outside
the wall is known as capsule or slime layer.
• Under the cell wall there is cell membrane.
• Middle : presence of cytoplasm.
• Being prokaryotes they don’t have nucleus genetic material is in single chromosomes ,
loose in the cytoplasm , circular loop.
• Presence or absence of flagella. Why is flagella present?
• Plasmids : small circular rings of DNA , carry some of the bacterium genes used in genetic
engineering.
• Some bacteria contain chlorophyll in their cytoplasm, and can carry out photosynthesis.
Give an example.
• They can act as Decomposers. Give an example
• Lactobacillus bulgaricus , a rod-shaped species used in the production of yoghurt from milk
is certainly useful bacteria but there are many pathogenic harmful bacteria which may
cause diseases too.
Viruses
• All viruses are parasite , and can only reproduce inside living cells.
• The cells in which the virus lives is called the host.
• Some viruses live in the cells of plants and animals infect the bacteria.
• They are smaller than bacterial cell- 0.01 to 0.1 micrometer in diameter.
• They are not made up of cells.
• A particle which is very simple containing no nucleus or cytoplasm
• They are composed of core genetic material surrounded by protein coat DNA ,or similar
chemical called RNA.
• The membrane called envelope may surround a virus particle. This envelope is stolen from
the surface membrane of the host cell.
• Viruses do not feed, respire, excrete, move, grow or respond to their surrounding. Only
reproduction is the characteristic of living that virus performs.
• A viruses reproduces by entering the host cell and taking over the host’s genetic
machinery to make more virus particle.
• Viruses causes diseases in humans for example : AIDS , influenza, measles , mumps,
polio.
• Viruses infects plant cell : tobacco mosaic virus which interferes the ability of the
tobacco plants to make chloroplasts , causing mottled patches to develop on the leaves.
Questions- Answers
1.Give some examples of fungi that can be eaten.
2.What do you mean by saprophytic mode of nutrition?
3.Differentiate a) Eukaryote and Prokaryote b) Bacteria and Virus

Challenging questions
4.Why are Protoctists called ‘ dustbin kingdom ’?
5.Why is it difficult to form a vaccine for diseases caused by viruses?
6.What could be a greatest danger in future years to treat diseases caused by bacteria
and why?