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Chapter 01
Lecture Outline
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Anatomy and Physiology
anatomy:
- body structure
- means to dissect
physiology:
- processes, functions
- systemic physiology
- cellular physiology
3
anatomy:
- body structure
- means to dissect
physiology:
4
anatomy:
- body structure
- means to dissect
physiology:
5
Importance of Anatomy and Physiology
understand how the body:
- responds to stimuli
- environmental changes
- environmental cues
- diseases
- injury
- maintains stable, internal conditions

despite continually changing environment
6
Structural and Functional Organization
Six levels from chemical to organism:
1. chemical:
smallest level
- atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
2. cellular:
- cells: basic units of life
- compartments and organelles
e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm
7
Structural and functional Organization
3. tissues:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substances they release
- four broad types:
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
4. organs:
- two or more tissue types acting
together to perform function(s)
- e.g., stomach, heart, liver,
ovary, bladder, kidney 8
Types of Anatomy
systemic:
studies body systems
regional:
studies body regions (medical schools)
surface:
studies external features, e.g., bone projections
anatomical imaging:
using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)
4● 9
5. organ system:
- group of organs contributing to some function
- e.g., digestive system, reproductive system
6. organism:
- all organ systems working together
- includes associated
microorganisms such as intestinal
bacteria
10

Major Organs of the Body
Figure 1.2
Organ
Systems of
the Body
Figure 1.3
Organ Systems of
the Body

Characteristics of Life
Collectively, all living species show:
organization:
- functional interrelationships
between parts
metabolism:
- sum of all chemical and physical
changes sustaining an organism
- ability to acquire and use energy in
support of these changes
responsiveness:
-ability to sense and respond to
environmental changes
- includes both internal and external 15
3
environments
Characteristics of Life
growth:
- can increase in size
- size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular
materials
development:
- changes in form and size
- changes in cell structure and function
from generalized to specialized -
differentiation
reproduction:
- formation of new cells or new organisms
- generation of new individuals
16
3 - tissue repair
Homeostasis
homeostasis
- maintenance of constant internal
environment
variables: measures of body properties that may

change in value
Examples of variables:
body temperature blood glucose levels
heart rate blood cell counts
blood pressure respiratory rate
set point: normal, or average value of a variable

17
Homeostasis
normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around

a set point
example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around

a set point of about 98.6o
18
1
Homeostasis
set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted

depending on body activities, as needed:
examples common cause of change

body temperature fever
heart rate, blood pressure

respiratory rate exercise
19
Homeostasis
negative feedback
- mechanism that maintains homeostasis
- negative feedback response:
detection: of deviation away from set point and...
correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and

normal range
20
Homeostasis
Components of Negative Feedback

1 receptor:
detects changes in variable
2 control center:
- receives receptor signal
- establishes set point
- sends signal to effector
3 effector:
- directly causes change in variable Figure 1.5
3 21
Homeostasis
22
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Figure 1.6 23
Homeostasis
positive feedback
- system response causes progressive deviation away

from set point, outside of normal range
- not directly used for homeostasis
- some positive feedback under normal conditions

example: childbirth
- generally associated with injury, disease

- negative feedback mechanisms unable to
maintain
homeostasis
24
25
26
What if HOMEOSTASIS fails?
Hypothermia or Heat Stroke
Hypocalcemia or Hypercalcemia
Dehydration
27
Terminology and the Body Plan superior
anatomical position:
- person standing erect with face and
palms forward
- all relational descriptions based on the

anatomical position, regardless of body
orientation
supine:
person lying face up
prone: inferior
person lying face down
inferior superior
28
Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms
superior: above
inferior: below
anterior: front (also: ventral)

posterior: back (also: dorsal)
Note: In four-legged animals, the
terms ventral (belly) and
dorsal (back) correspond
to anterior and posterior in
humans
medial: close to midline

lateral: away from
midline
29
Directional Terms
proximal: close to point of

attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment
superficial: structure close

to the surface
Deep
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body Superficial

30
Directional Terms
proximal: close to point of

attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment
superficial: structure close

to the surface
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body

31
Figure 1.8
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1

Body Planes
sagittal: vertical plane, between right and left
surfaces
midsagittal: sagittal plane along the midline,

divides body into equal left and right
halves
transverse: horizontal plane
frontal: vertical plane,

between lateral surfaces
Figure 1.11
34
Body Planes
Figure 1.11
Planes of Section Through an Organ
Figure 1.12

Body Regions
upper limbs:
upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
lower limbs:
thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
central region:
head, neck, trunk
Figure 1.9
37
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Figure 1.9

Figure 1.9
Subdivisions of the Abdomen
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.10
Body Cavities
thoracic cavity:
- space within chest wall
and diaphragm
- contains heart, lungs,
thymus gland, esophagus,
trachea
mediastinum:
- space between lungs
41
Body Cavities
abdominal cavity:
- space between diaphragm
and pelvis
- contains stomach, intestines,
liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys
pelvic cavity:
- space within pelvis
- contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs,
part of large intestine
42
Body Cavities
Figure 1.13
Serous Membranes
- line trunk cavities, cover organs
- structure: visceral serous membrane covers
organs
parietal serous membrane
cavity between the above, fluid-filled
Figure 1.14 44
Serous Membranes
Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:
pericardium pericardial cavity

around heart
pleura pleural cavity

around lungs
peritoneum peritoneal cavity

around
abdomino
pelvic
cavity
45
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Serous Membranes
pericardium
- visceral pericardium
covers heart
- parietal pericardium
thick, fibrous
- pericardial cavity
reduces friction
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Figure 1.15a
Serous Membranes
pleura
- visceral pleura
covers lungs
- parietal
pleura lines
inner wall of
thorax
- pleural cavity
- reduces
friction
- adheres
Figure 1.15b
3 lungs to thoracic
peritoneum Serous Membranes
- visceral peritoneum
- covers, anchors organs
- double layers
called mesenteries
- parietal peritoneum
lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic
cavity
- peritoneal cavity
reduces friction

Figure 1.15

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Chapter 01

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

understand how the body:

- maintains stable, internal conditions

Six levels from chemical to organism:

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Major Organs of the Body

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

variables: measures of body properties that may

set point: normal, or average value of a variable

normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around

example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around

set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted

examples common cause of change

heart rate, blood pressure

- mechanism that maintains homeostasis

- negative feedback response:

detection: of deviation away from set point and...

correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and

Components of Negative Feedback

- system response causes progressive deviation away

- some positive feedback under normal conditions

- generally associated with injury, disease

Hypothermia or Heat Stroke

- all relational descriptions based on the

anterior: front (also: ventral)

medial: close to midline

proximal: close to point of

superficial: structure close

4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

proximal: close to point of

superficial: structure close

4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

midsagittal: sagittal plane along the midline,

transverse: horizontal plane

frontal: vertical plane,

Planes of Section Through an Organ

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Subdivisions of the Abdomen

Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:

pericardium pericardial cavity

pleura pleural cavity

peritoneum peritoneal cavity

3(b) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

peritoneum Serous Membranes

4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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