FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH

“21 Nursing Problems”

• Born on March 13, 1919
• Died on February 24, 2017
• First woman to serve as Deputy surgeon general
• Nurse, researcher, author, educator
• Defined nursing as:
“a based on an art and science that molds the attitudes,
intellectual competencies and technical skills of the individual
nurse into the desire and the ability to help people, sick or well,
cope with their help needs, whether they are ill or well.”
 FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
“21 Nursing Problems”
• 1942-finished her basic nursing education, magna cum laude from
Fitkin Memorial Hospital School of Nursing now Ann May School of
Nursing in Neptune, New Jersey.
• 1947- finished her Master of Arts in Teachers College at Columbia
University.
• 1955- finished her Doctor of Education from the Teachers College at
Columbia University.
• 1960- she was influenced by the desire to promote client
comprehensive nursing care centered
• 2000- inducted as National Woman hall of fame
 FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
“21 Nursing Problems”
• She changed the focus of nursing theory from a
disease-centered to a patient-centered approach
and moved nursing practice beyond the patient to
include care of families and the elderly.
Chairperson on the California’s Nurses
Association that developed a position statement
for specifications for clinical specialists.
 FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
“21 Nursing Problems”
PERSON
• She classifies as the beneficiary of care as individuals.
• People as having physical, emotional and sociological needs.
ENVIRONMENT
• The idea of environment is addressed by Abdellah and is included in “planning
for optimum health on local, state, national, and international levels”. However,
as Abdellah elaborates her ideas, the apex is nursing service is the individual.
NURSING
• The concept of nursing in this theory is generally grouped into twenty-one
nursing problem areas for nurses to work out their judgment and appropriate
care.
 FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
“21 Nursing Problems”
HEALTH
• It is the center and purpose of nursing services. She does not
give a definition of health, she speaks to a “total health needs”
and a healthy state of mind and body.
• Nursing is a helping profession
• Nursing is broadly grouped into the 21 problem areas
NURSING PROBLEM
• Overt
• Covert
 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort
2. To promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and sleep
3. To promote safety through the prevention of accident injury or other
trauma and through the prevention of the spread of infection
4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct
deformities
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells.
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells
7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination
 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease condition-
pathological, physiological and compensatory.
10. To facilitate the maintenance of the regulatory mechanism and functions.
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feeling and
reactions.
13. To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal
communications
 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals.
17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment.
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical,
emotional and developmental needs.
19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and
emotional.
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from
illness
21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause
of illness
 VIRGINIA HENDERSON
“14 Basic Human Needs”
• Born: November 30, 1897
• Died: March 19, 1996
• “First Lady of Nursing” and the “First Truly International Nurse”
• Nurse, teacher, author and researcher
• Defined nursing as:
“the act of assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of
those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful
death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength,
will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as possible.’’
 VIRGINIA HENDERSON
“14 Basic Human Needs”
• 1921- received her diploma from the Army School of
Nursing
• 1923- Teach Nursing at Norfolk protestant Hospital in
Virginia
• 1929- entered to Teachers College, Columbia University
• 1932- finished her BS in Teachers College
• 1934- finished her MA in Teachers College
• 1953- research associate at Yale School of Nursing
 VIRGINIA HENDERSON
“14 Basic Human Needs”
METAPARADIGM OF NURSING
PERSON
• Referred to by Henderson as the patient and an individual who requires
assistance to achieve health and independence or in some cases, a
peaceful death.
• For the person to function to the utmost, he must be able to maintain
physiological and emotional balance.
ENVIRONMENT
• Important for a healthy individual to control the environment. But in caring
for a sick, it is the responsibility of the nurse to help the patient manage his
surroundings to protect him from harm or mechanical injury.
 VIRGINIA HENDERSON
“14 Basic Human Needs”
NURSING
• "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or
well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or
its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform without
help if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge".
HEALTH
• Viewed health as a quality of life and is very basic for a person to
function fully
• Gave emphasis in prioritizing health promotion as more important
than care of the sick.
 VIRGINIA HENDERSON
“14 Basic Human Needs”
1. Breathing normally
2. Eating and drinking adequately
3. Eliminating Body wastes
4. Moving and maintaining a desirable position/postures
5. Sleeping and resting
6. Selecting suitable clothes
7. Maintaining normal body temperature by adjusting
clothing & modifying the environment
 VIRGINIA HENDERSON
“14 Basic Human Needs”
8. Keeping the body clean and well groomed
9. Avoiding dangers in the environment and avoiding injuring others
10.Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears,
or opinions
11. Worshipping according to one’s faith
12. Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
13. Playing or participating in various forms of recreation
14. Learning, discovering & satisfying the curiosity that leads to
normal development of health.
 NOLA J. PENDER
“Middle range theories that have been tested in research provide evidence for
evidence based practice, thus facilitating translation of research into practice”
1. Prior related behavior
Refers to the frequency of the same or similar behavior in the past. This has direct and
indirect effects on the likelihood of engaging in health promotion behavior.
2. Personal Factors
Are categorized as biological ,psychological, and sociocultural. These factors are
predictive of a given behavior and are shaped by the nature of the target behavior
being considered.
3. Personal Biological Factors
Include in personal biological factors are variables such as age, gender, body mass
index, pubertal status, menopausal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, and
balance.
 NOLA J. PENDER
4. Personal Psychological Factors
Include variables such as self-esteem , self-motivation, personal competence,
perceived health status, and definition of health.
5. Personal Sociocultural
Factors such as race, ethnicity, acculturation, education, and socioeconomic status
are included in sociocultural factors.
6. Behavioral-Specific Cognitions and Affects
The following are behavioral-specific cognitions and affects that are considered of
major motivational significance; these variables are modifiable through nursing
action (Pender, 1996).
7. Perceived Benefits of Action
Are anticipated positive outcomes that will result from health, behavior, and balance .
 NOLA J. PENDER
8. Perceived Barriers to Action
Are anticipated, imagined, or real blocks and personal costs of undertaking a given
behavior.
9. Commitment to a Plan of Action
Describes the concept of intention and identification of a planned strategy that leads to
implementation of health behavior.
10. Immediate Competing Demands and Preferences
Are alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control, because there are
environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities. Competing
preferences are alternative behaviors over which individuals exert relatively high control,
such as the choice of ice cream or an apple for a snack.
11. Health-Promoting Behavior
Is an end point or action outcome that is directed toward attaining positive health
outcomes such as optimal well-being, personal fulfillment, and productive living.
 MADELEINE LEININGER
“Transcultural Theory in Nursing
Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory”
• She was born in Sutton, Nebraska and began her
nursing career after graduating from a diploma program
at St. Anthony’s School of Nursing in Denver, Colorado
in 1948.
• Founder of transcultural nursing and a leader in
transcultural nursing and human care theory.
• The first professional nurse with graduate preparation in
nursing to hold a PhD in cultural and social anthropology.
 MADELEINE LEININGER
“Transcultural Theory in Nursing
Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory”
PERSON
•Humans believed to be caring and capable of being concerned about the
desires, welfare, and continued existence of others.
•Humans are universally caring beings who survive in a diversity of cultures
through their ability to provide universality of care in a variety of ways according
to different cultures, needs and settings.
ENVIRONMENT
•Leininger speaks about worldview, social structure, and environmental context.
• Worldwide view
• Cultural and social structure dimension
• Environmental context
 MADELEINE LEININGER
“Transcultural Theory in Nursing
Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory”
NURSING
• Studied scientific and humanistic profession and discipline that centers on human
care activities that assist, support, facilitate, or enable individuals or group to maintain
or regain their well being or health in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to
help people face handicaps or deaths.
•1. Cultural care preservation/maintenance
•2. Cultural care accommodation/negotiation
•3. Cultural care repatterning/restructuring
HEALTH
• State of well-being that is culturally defined, valued and practiced and reflects the
ability of individuals or groups to perform their daily role activities in culturally
expressed, beneficial and patterned lifeways. Health is both universal and diverse.
 MADELEINE LEININGER
“Transcultural Theory in Nursing
Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory”
Cultural Care Diversity
• This refers to the differences or variations that can be found both between and
among different cultures.
Cultural Care Universality
• Refers to the commonalities or similarities that exist in different cultures.
Care
• Related to helping, supporting, or empowering experiences or behaviors towards
others with evident or anticipated needs to improve a human condition.
Caring
• Refers to behavior directed toward assisting another individual or group with evident
or anticipated needs to improve the human condition either to recover or face death.
 MADELEINE LEININGER
“Transcultural Theory in Nursing
Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory”
Culture
• Refers to learned, shared, transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of particular group that guides
their thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned ways.
Cultural Care
• The subjectively and objectively obtained values, beliefs, and outlines of the lifeways that assist, support,
facilitate, or empower another individual or group to maintain well being, health, and deal with illness,
handicaps or death.
Ethnohistory
• Past facts, events, and experiences of individuals, groups, and various cultures and institutions that are
mainly people centered (ethnic) and that explains, and interprets human lifeways within particular cultural
trends.
Professional Care System
• Refers to formally taught, learned, and transmitted professional care, health, illness, wellness, and
related knowledge and practice skills that prevail in professional institution usually with multidisciplinary
personnel to serve consumers.
 MADELEINE LEININGER
“Transcultural Theory in Nursing
Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory”
Generic (Folk or Lay) Care System
• Refers to culturally learned and transmitted, indigenous or traditional, folk
knowledge and skills used to provide assistive, supportive, enabling, or
facilitative acts towards or for another individual or group, or institution with
evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human lifeway or
health condition, or to deal with handicaps and death situations.
Cultural Congruent Nursing Care
• Refers to those cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or
enabling acts or decisions that are tailor made to fit with individual, groups,
or institutional cultural values, beliefs and lifeway to provide or support
meaningful, beneficial and satisfying healthcare or well-being services.