Lecture 05 - C Programming Basics - 06

Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
C Programming Basics
Lecture 5
Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 1

Gateway Engineering Education Coalition
ENG H192 Course Web Page
• A web page which contains the course syllabus,

updated lecture notes and other useful
information may be found at:
http://feh.eng.ohio-state.edu
• A copy of Professor Dick Busick’s flowchart

spreadsheet is on the Web site

C Program Basics
• C vs. C++
– C is a subset of C++. All of features in C are

contained in C++
– C++ adds more libraries with functions for
object oriented programming
– C++ also adds more keywords and some
added features.

Keywords in C and C++

Certain words have a special meaning to the C or
C++ compiler. They are called reserved words or
keywords. We should not try to use these words as
names of variables or function names in a program.
The keyword list for C contains 32 words (see text,

pg. 44). C++ adds 30 more keywords (see text, pg.
563).

Some Keywords in C and C++

asm double new switch
auto else operator template
break enum private this
case extern protected throw
catch float public try
char for register typedef
class friend return union
const goto short unsigned
continue if signed virtual
default inline sizeof void
delete int static volatile
do long struct while

Program Structure in C
• EACH complete C program is composed of:
– Comment statements
– Pre-processor directives
– Declaration statements
– One or more functions
– Executable statements

Program Structure in C
• EACH complete C program is composed of:
– Pre-processor directives
– Declaration statements
– One or more functions
– Executable statements
Comment Statements
• Formal Comments:
/* Comment ….. */
– Used for detailed description of functions or
operations (for our benefit, not compiler’s).
– Can take multiple lines in source file.
• Informal Comments (only in C++, not C):
// Comment ….. Ends at the end of line
– Used for quick comments like:
int temp; // temporary variable for storing
// the input value
Pre-Processor Directives
#include -- header files for library functions

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
Note Space
#define -- define constants and macros
Examples:
#define e 2.7182818
#define pi 3.14159265359
Note Spaces
Declarations
• Declarations tell the compiler what variable

names will be used and what type of data each
can handle (store).
• Example declarations:
int a, b, c ;
float r, p, q ;
double x, y, z ;
char m, n ;

Data Types
• Integer variables: int a, b ;
• Integer variables, like a or b, store only whole

numbers like 3 or 7, not 3.33 or 7.65, and only up
to certain maximum values.
• Floating point variables: float c, d ;
• Floating point variables, like c or d, store rational

numbers, like 3.14159, but only a limited number
of digits of precision.

Internal Storage Representation

• Definitions:
– Binary digit -- or a "bit", is either a 0 or a 1
– Byte -- usually a collection of 8 bits together
– Word -- often a collection of 4 bytes together
• On the SGI Unix system:
– an "int" data type takes up 4 bytes
(on some systems, an "int" is only 2 bytes)
– a "float" data type takes up 4 bytes
– a "double" data type take up 8 bytes
– a "char" data type takes up 1 byte
Programs Have One or More Functions
• Even the main program is a function.
The body of each user-written function is

enclosed in braces, { } (or curly brackets)
• The syntax of a function is:

<function type> function_name (arg. list)
{ /* beginning of function */
} /* end of function */

Executable Statements
• Simple
Declaring variables
int temp ;
char a ;
Assigning Values
temp = 5 ; temp is assigned the value of 5
• Complex, i.e., Calling Functions
plotxy (x, y) ;
• Calculations
x = (5. / 2 + 6) * 7 ;

Arithmetic Operators
* multiply + add
/ divide - subtract
% remainder, where:
x = 13 % 5 ; /* x will be equal to 3 */
• An expression can be used almost anywhere a

variable of the same type can be used.
Ex. expressions: num + 3, a * d - 5, ...

Arithmetic Operators – Order of Evaluation
1. Parentheses: () – Evaluate from the inside out
2. Multiplication, Division, and Remainder:

*, /, and %
3. Addition and Subtraction:

+ and -
NOTE: Multiple occurrences of operations with the same
precedence evaluate from left to right. (D&D text, pg. 38)

For example:
x = 2 * 3 - (4 + 5) + 8 % 7;
x = 2 * 3 - 9 + 8 % 7;
x = 6 - 9 + 8 % 7;
x = 6 - 9 + 1;
x = -3 + 1;
x = -2;

Another example:
x = 6 / 2 + 1 - 3 + 8 * 4;
x = 33;
x = 6 / (2 + 1) - (3 + 8) * 4;
x = -42;

Mixed Mode Arithmetic
• When performing arithmetic operations, the

"mode" will one of:
– Floating point, if both operands are floating
point
– Integer, if both operands are integer
– Mixed, if one operand in integer and the other
is floating point -- the result is floating point
• Integer operations produce integer results
(remember how you first learned to to division?)

Assignment Operators
Operator: Example: Meaning:
= x=5; x=5;
+= x += 5 ; x=x+5;
–= x –= 5 ; x=x–5;
/= x /= 5 ; x=x/5;
*= x *= 5 ; x=x*5;
%= x %= 5; x= x%5;

Example of assignment operators:
int a = 4, b = 2, c = 36 ;
a += b ; /* This adds b to a, a = ? */
c /= a + b ; /* What is value of c now? */

int a = 4, b = 2, c = 36 ;
[ Answer: a = a + b, so a = 4 + 2 or a = 6 ]

int a = 4, b = 2, c = 36 ;
[ Answer: a = a + b, so a = 4 + 2 or a = 6 ]
[ Answer: c = c / (a + b), and a = 6 now,
so c = 36 / (6 + 2), so c = 36 / 8 or c = 4 ]

Increment/Decrement Operators
Operator: Meaning: When?
count++ ; count = count + 1 ; After use

++count ; count = count + 1 ; Before use
count-- ; count = count - 1 ; After use
--count ; count = count - 1 ; Before use

Examples of increment and decrement operators:

int a = 4, b = 2, c;
c = ++a + b-- ;
/* What are the values of a, b, c now? */
c = b-- - ++a ;


int a = 4, b = 2, c;
c = ++a + b-- ;
(Answers: a = 5, b = 1, c = 7)
c = b-- - ++a ;

int a = 4, b = 2, c;
c = ++a + b-- ;
(Answers: a = 5, b = 1, c = 7)
c = b-- - ++a ;
(Answers: a = 6, b = 0, c = -5)

Relational Operators
Operator: Meaning:
< Less Than

> Greater Than
<= Less Than or Equal To
>= Greater Than or Equal To
== Exactly Equal To
!= Not Equal To

Relational Operators
• Used for asking questions like:
Is x bigger than 10?
• In C, the value of 1 stands for true and 0 stands

for false. But C will recognize any non zero value
as true.
• NOTE: "==" is NOT same as "="

Logical Operators
! (not)
Ex: a != b is true if a and b are not equal
&& (and)
Ex: 5<6 && 7>4 is true, but
5>6 && 7>4 is not true (i.e., false)
|| (or)
Ex: 5>6 || 7>4 is true
5<6 || 7<4 is also true

Exponentiation Operations
Exponentiation is not written as x**2 or x^2
C does not have an exponentiation operator. You

can use the math function pow (a, b) which
raises a to the b power. You must put a #include
<math.h> in your source code and must also use
the -lm switch in your compile command when on
the SGI UNIX system.
Ex: >g++ -o myprog.out myprog.cpp

Skeleton Program
/*****************************************/
/* Name: Brutus Buckeye */
/* Seat No. 0, Instr: W. Hayes */
/* Program progname/assignment */
/*****************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
int main ( )
{
statements ;
}
Shell for programs
• Create a “skelton.cpp” file as a basis for your

assignments
• Going to look much like Skeleton program on
previous slide
• USAGE for an program
– Open skelton.cpp
– Save to name for program
– Edit program

Today’s Assignment
• Today’s Assignment is G04
• G03 has a C program that calculates values and
assigns them to variables.
• You are to do the calculations by hand (quiz and
midterm material!!) and print the answers on the
problem sheet.
• Then, copy the program into your account and
run it to get the correct answers. Compare your
hand calculations to the computer’s calculations.
• What needs to be added to the code so that you
know what the computer calculated?


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Engineering H192 - Computer Programming

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 1

ENG H192 Course Web Page

• A web page which contains the course syllabus,

• A copy of Professor Dick Busick’s flowchart

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 2

– C is a subset of C++. All of features in C are

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 3

Keywords in C and C++

The keyword list for C contains 32 words (see text,

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 4

Some Keywords in C and C++

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 5

• EACH complete C program is composed of:

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 6

#include -- header files for library functions

• Declarations tell the compiler what variable

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 10

• Integer variables: int a, b ;

• Integer variables, like a or b, store only whole

• Floating point variables, like c or d, store rational

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 11

Internal Storage Representation

Programs Have One or More Functions

• Even the main program is a function.

The body of each user-written function is

• The syntax of a function is:

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 13

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 14

• An expression can be used almost anywhere a

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 15

Arithmetic Operators – Order of Evaluation

1. Parentheses: () – Evaluate from the inside out

2. Multiplication, Division, and Remainder:

3. Addition and Subtraction:

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 16

Arithmetic Operators – Order of Evaluation

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 17

Arithmetic Operators – Order of Evaluation

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 18

Mixed Mode Arithmetic

• When performing arithmetic operations, the

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 19

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 20

Example of assignment operators:

c /= a + b ; /* What is value of c now? */

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 21

Example of assignment operators:

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 22

Example of assignment operators:

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 23

Operator: Meaning: When?

count++ ; count = count + 1 ; After use

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 24

Examples of increment and decrement operators:

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 25

Examples of increment and decrement operators:

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 26

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 27

< Less Than

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 5 P. 28

• In C, the value of 1 stands for true and 0 stands

• NOTE: "==" is NOT same as "="