FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEM

What is a Control System?

A system is an arrangement, set, or collection of things connected or related

in such a manner as to form an entirety or whole.

A system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in

such a manner as to form and/or act as an entire unit.

Control is usually taken to mean regulate, direct, or command

A control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or

related in such a manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another
system.
 Control System

Example:

1. An air conditioner maintaining the temperature of the room.

2. A car moving from reset to a speed of 100km/hr.

3. A lift moving upwards.

 Basic Diagram of Control System

Input, stimulus Output, response

CONTROL SYSTEM
Desired response Actual Response

Note: Most of the time, the desire response is not equal to the actual response
The difference between the actual response and desire response is the error in the
control system
 Advantages of control System

We build control systems for 4 primary reasons:

1. Power Amplification

2. Remote Control

3. Convenience of input form

4. Compensation for disturbances

 System Response Characteristics

 variation of output with respect to the input in a graphical manner

Input command Steady State Error

Elevator location (floor)

Transient
response
Steady State Response

Elevator Response

Ground floor ( 0 ) Time

Factors that make output different from input:

1. Input changes instantaneously but the output changes gradually.

2. Accuracy of the system at steady state
 System Loop Configuration

1. OPEN LOOP SYSTEM An open-loop control system is one in which the

control action is independent of the output.

A closed-loop control system is one in which the

2. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
control action is somehow dependent on the output.
 OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

CONTROL SYSTEM

Reference Input Output

CONTROLLER PROCESS

An open-loop control system is one in which the control action is independent of the output.

The accuracy of the system depends on the experience of user

 OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

Examples:

1. Immersion Water Heater

2. Toaster
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Loop System

Advantages

1. Simple in Constructions and Design.

2. Economic

3. Convenient to use when the output is difficult to measure

Disadvantage

1. Poorly equipped to handle disturbances

2. Not reliable
 CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

Error CONTROL SYSTEM

Detection
Reference Input Output
CONTROLLER PROCESS

FEEDBACK

• A closed-loop control system is one in which the control action is somehow dependent on the
output.
• In closed loop system, the output is measured continuously and is fed back to the input
• The presence of feedback compensates for the disturbance and improves the accuracy of the
 Closed Loop System

Examples:

1. Air conditioner

2. Geyser
 Open Loop vs. Closed Loop

Open Loop
Closed Loop System

1. Accuracy is low 1. Accuracy is high

2. Not reliable 2. More reliable

3. Easy to design 3. Complex in design

4. Less expensive compared to 4. Expensive

closed loop
FEEDBACK
 Questions

In your own word/s define control system

 Questions

Give at least 2 example of control system and why do you say so?
 Questions

Give at least 2 example of control system and explain why

 Questions

Give at least 2 reason why we build control system

 Questions

Differentiate Open Loop and Closed Loop Systemr

 Questions

Give at least 2 examples of a closed loop and why

 Questions

Give at least 2 example of a open loop and why

 Questions

Factors that make output different from input:

 Laplace Transform (Review)

Why we study Laplace Transform?

Play important role in modeling of control System because when we do
mathematical modeling of control system, we get DE.

• Methods of solving Differential Equation

• Laplace Transforms convert DE into algebraic problem

• Typical DE can be solved using calculus approach

 Laplace Transform

• Laplace Transform is the tool to represent the

frequency domain of a time domain function
• Laplace transform is an integral transform

1749 - 1827
 Laplace Transform

Find the Laplace transform :

1. Unit step
2. Impulse
3. 1
4. 5
5. t
6. t^2
7. e^-at
Laplace Transform Table
Properties of Laplace Transform