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Power system analysis

Prepared by col/Ashebir kelibe


Function of power system analysis

 To monitor the voltage at various buses, real and reactive power flow between
buses.

 To design the circuit breakers.

 To plan future expansion of the existing system

 To analyze the system under different fault conditions

 To study the ability of the system for small and large disturbances (Stability studies)
Components of power system

1. Alternator

2. Power transformer

3. Transmission lines

4. Substation transformer

5. Distribution transformer

6. Loads
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

 A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the


components are represented by their symbols and interconnection between them
are shown by a straight line(even-though the system is three phase system).

 The ratings and the impedance of the components are also marked on the single line
diagram.
Single line diagram
Purpose of using single line diagram

 The purpose of the single line diagram is to supply in concise form of the significant information
about the system.

 Per unit value.

 The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the actual value of the any
quantity to the base value of the same quantity as a decimal.

Per unit=Actual value / Base value

 The components or various sections of power system may operate at different voltage and power
levels. It will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current and
impedance rating of components of power system are expressed with reference to a common value
Symmetrical components

Introduction
 In balanced system,analysis can be done on a single phase basis. The knowledge of voltage and current in one
phase is sufficient to determine the voltage and current in other two phases.
 Real and reactive powers are three times the corresponding per phase values.
 When the system is unbalanced,the voltages, the current and the phase impendences are in general unequal.
 Unbalanced system operation can result due to unsymmetrical fault, such ass:
1. single line to ground
2. line to line fault
3. double line faoult
4. double line to ground fault
5.three line fault and
6. three line to grond fault
Cont…

 Unbalanced operation may also result when loads are unbalanced. unbalanced
operation can be analyzed through symmetrical component.

 Unbalanced three phase voltages and currents are transformed into 3 set of
balanced voltages and currents called symmetrical components.
Symetrical components

 The majority of faults in power systems are asymmetrical.

 To analyse an asymmetrical fault, an unbalanced 3- phase circuit has to be solved.

 Since the direct solution of such a circuit is very difficult, the solution can be more
easily obtained by using symmetrical components since this yields three (fictitious)
single phase networks, only one of which contains a driving emf
General principles
 Any set of unbalanced 3-phase voltages (or current) can be transformed into 3 balanced sets. These are:
 1.positive sequence
A positive sequence set of three symmetrical voltages (i.e. all numerically equal and all displaced from each
other by 1200) having the same phase sequence abc as the original set and denoted by Va1,Vb1,Vc1 as
shown in the fig(1a)
2. Negative sequence

 A negative sequence set of three symmetrical voltages having the phase sequence opposite to that of the original
set and denoted by Va2, Vb2, Vc2 as shown in fig(1b)
3.Zero sequence

 3. A zero sequence set of three voltages, all equal in magnitude and in phase with each other and denoted by
Va0, Vb0, Vc0 as shown in fig (1c) below:
Unsymmetrical fault

Introduction
 The term unsymmertrical fault is used to mean an unbalanced condition.
 It is a connection or situation which causes an unbalance among the three
phases. If an unbalanced connection is attached at a point F on a balanced
system then F is called the fault point of the system.
 Thus, if there is a single line to ground fault at bus M then bus M becomes the
fault point.
 The different types of unbalanced fault that occurs in power systems are:
1. shunt type fault and 2. series type fault
Shunt type fault

1. Single line to ground (L-F) fault

2. Line to line (L-L) fault

3. Double line to ground (L-L-F) fault

4. Three phase short circuit fault (L-L-L) and

5. Three phase to ground fault (L-L-L-F)


2. Series type fault

 The series type fault is open conductor fault.

 A series fault is an unbalance in the line impedances.

 It does not involve any connection between lines or


between line and ground at fault point.
Single line to ground fault

 A three phase generator with neutral grounded through impedance Z n


Cont…
 Assuming that the fault occurs on phase ‘a’ through impedance Zf.
 Also assuming that the generator is initially on no load and the boundary conditions at the fault point are:
Ib=0
Ic=0
Va=ZfIa
Cont…

 In many practical applications,the positive and negative impedances are found be


equal, if the generator is solidly grounded and for bolted faults Zf=0.

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