Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Interaction of Nanomaterials With Tissues (Autosaved)
Interaction of Nanomaterials With Tissues (Autosaved)
nanomaterials with
tissues
By: Nehal Gamal
Contents:
1- Introduction
2-Classification of nanomaterials.
3-Advantages and disadvantages.
4- Biocompatibility of nanomaterials on tissues.
5-Recommendations for workers’ protection in the
handling and use of nanomaterials.
Introduction
• Nanotechnology is now being used in a wide range of scientific
fields since it offers a variety of practical solutions to scientific and
medical problems.
• Nanotechnologies work at dimensions smaller than 100 nm.
• The numerous dental uses of nanotechnology have led to the
development of the field of nanodentistry
Classification of nanomaterials used in dentistry on the
basis of shape and composition:
A)Nanoparticles B)Nanotubes
Conventional or unconventional
(metallic& metal oxide) 1-Carbon nanotubes
1-Nanodiamonds
1-Metallic nanoparticles (CNTs)
2-Quantum dots
2-Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) 2-Halloysite nanotubes
3-Nanoshells
3-Gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)
4-Quaternary ammonium (HNTs)
4-Copper nanoparticles(CuNPs)
methacrylate (QAM) NPs. 3-Nanoplatelet-based
5-Metal oxide nanoparticles.
5-Quaternary ammonium nanomaterials.
6-Zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO NPs).
polyethyleneimine (QPEI) NPs 4-Graphene oxide
7-Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO2 NPs).
6-Amorphous calcium phosphate
8-Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs). nanoplatelets
nanoparticles (ACP NPs)
9-Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs).
7-Hydroxyapatite(HAp).
10-Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs).
A)Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle-based nanomaterials can be either
conventional or unconventional.
• Metal NPs and metal oxide NPs are examples of
conventional nanoparticles, and the uses of metallic
and metal oxide NPs have been studied for decades.
3-When utilized as a filler, AgNPs improve 3-AgNPs are implicated in the generation of
dental composites’ mechanical qualities, genotoxicity and oxidative stress,
minimize the development of lactic acid and activation of lysosomal AcP(acid
the growth of biofilms on teeth, preventing phosphatase), actin disruption, stimulation
secondary caries of hemocyte phagocytosis, and inhibition
of Na-K-ATPase.
3-Gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)
1. Gold’s inert, biocompatible, and antibacterial qualities
have captivated scientists for decades.
2. AuNPs have been investigated as a possible nano-drug
delivery system for treating and detecting cancers (ttt.
would involve a targeted, nanoparticle-mediated
localized hyperthermia) in recent research
investigations. In these investigations, gold
nanostructures such as nanospheres and nanorods
were synthesized for usage as photothermal agents,
contrast agents, and nanodrug delivery carriers.
1. AuNPs were utilized as
osteoinductive agents to immobilize
the titanium surfaces of dental
implants. gold nanoparticles on
dental implant surfaces helped to
stimulate bone growth and preserve
nascent bone formation around
dental implants.
1-Similar to the tooth in terms of mechanical 1-cause considerable DNA damage in human
properties (fatigue resistance, good wear T cells, induce apoptosis, and decrease cell
resistance,great fracture resistance. proliferation in rodent fibroblast cell lines.
(sometimes known as ‘‘ceramic steel”) and it is 2-zirconia was discovered to promote
close resemblance in characteristics and color to cellular oxidative stress, resulting in cell
the natural tooth, it is an excellent choice for death.
cosmetic purposes, 3-These NPs have been shown in studies to
2-They are exhibit low cytotoxicity, good be capable of halting the cell cycle and
biocompatibility. crossing numerous physiological barriers,
3-In terms of dental implants and prosthetics, resulting in detrimental effects.
they have been demonstrated to have
biocompatibility, osteoconductivity
Conclusion: Incorporation of nano-ZrO2 into the repair resin improved the flexural
strength of repaired denture bases, whereas it decreased impact strength, especially with
high nano-ZrO2 concentrations
Gad MM, Rahoma A, Al-Thobity AM, ArRejaie AS. Influence of incorporation of ZrO 2 nanoparticles on the repair strength of polymethyl
methacrylate denture bases. Int J Nanomedicine. 2016 Oct 27;11:5633-5643.
Conclusions: Nanostructured ceramics can show improved properties
because of the reduction of the grain size to the nanoscale. This is also
true for zirconia-based nanoceramics, where these improvements can be
used to develop highly reliable and aesthetic dental restorations
9-Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs).
• Alumina ceramics have better aesthetics, a more polished surface, wear
resistance, hardness, and good biocompatibility with the surrounding oral
tissues compared to other materials.
• Low flexural strength and impact strength are two drawbacks of
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Adding Al2O3 NPs to a PMMA matrix
significantly improved the resin’s mechanical and thermal properties and
reduced water absorption and solubility.
10-Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs)
1. using silicon dioxide NPs as filler can improve the mechanical qualities of dental
restorative materials.
2. As a general dental polishing agent, silica fine powder is used to smooth rough surfaces
on teeth to avoid food collection or plaque buildup and thus keep teeth clean.
3. A silicon oxide with the chemical formula SiO2, usually referred to as silica, is most widely
distributed in nature as quartz, a form of SiO2 NPs.
4. It is possible to seal dentinal tubules, which cause hypersensitivity when exposed, with
mesoporous SiO2.
5. When HA (hydroxyapatite) nanoparticles and silica nanoparticles were combined, they
increased calcium phosphate compounds’ concentration in the dentin as well as the
volume of mineral in the dentin that had been demineralized
10-Silicon dioxide nanoparticles
(SiO2 NPs)
advantages disadvantages
particle size and surface reactivity. So, not only are chemical properties
induces and size-dependent cytotoxicity
important in assessing a
and
significant nanomaterial’s cytotoxicity, but also
distribution is the amount of size-dependent
differences in
in vivo. cytotoxicity
the cellular
delivery
mechanism
1.1. Size-Dependent Absorption
• To generate cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in animal models, it is essential
that the nanoparticles should migrate across the epithelial barrier.
• In this respect, the size of the nanoparticles plays a key role in cytotoxicity .
• In the case of nanoparticle inhalation, nanoparticles penetrate deeply into the lung
parenchyma.
• Different sized nanoparticles show specific distribution patterns in the respiratory tract.
• Nanoparticle distribution is also affected by the Stokes number( Sno. Ligther
particle )and Reynolds number.
• Initially, particles are well distributed in the gas phase, but after inhalation they
translocate into the liquid phase in respiratory fluids
1.2. Size-Dependent in Vivo Pharmacokinetics and
Clearance :
• The distribution of a drug or nanoparticles in vivo, or pharmacokinetics, is
also an important consideration in assessing cytotoxicity.
• This pharmacokinetic characteristic of NPs is dependent on particle size
and surface chemistry
• NPs with a diameter greater than 6 nm cannot be excreted by the kidneys
and accumulate in specific organs, such as the liver and spleen, until
clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system ensues .
• For instance, cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots remain in the tissue
for up to eight months and cause hepatotoxicity .
1.3. Size-Dependent Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity:
less volume, such that a larger number of particles can occupy a unit area,
resulting in
also play a significant role in cytotoxicity It has also been suggested that
External properties of surface electronic status are critical to cellular uptake and may
also be involved in cytotoxicity.
Higher uptake efficiency in a cell is achieved by replacing the surface functional moiety,
inducing sudden changes in particles’ surface charge .
Some authors have attempted to envelope nanoparticles in a lipid vesicle changes in
surface charge result in considerable differences in the in vivo biodistribution of NPs
Particles showed different degrees of toxicity depending on their surface charges
4. Agglomeration Status
Agglomeration could be a potent inducer of inflammatory lung injury in
humans .
For certain types of chemicals, exposure at higher levels has been shown
Phases I and II include initial tests, which are of a short duration, cost effective
and simple.
Only after completing these tests adequately does a material progress through
the testing hierarchy to become assessed in preclinical animal usage studies
(Phase III) prior to clinical testing with a limited number of patients (Phase IV).
Cytotoxicity Screening Methods: General regulation for in vitro
cytotoxicity testing is presented in ISO 10993-5. For in vitro
cytotoxicity screening, the suggested testing methods include;
1. Direct cell culture and culture extract testing or barrier screening
assays
2. Agar diffusion testing
3. Filter diffusion testing
4. Dentin barrier testing
BAuA/VCI-Recommendations for workers’ protection in the handling and
use of nanomaterials
1. Substitution options:
Bind powder nanomaterials in liquid or solid media. Use dispersions, pastes or
compounds instead of powder substances, wherever this is technically feasible and
economically acceptable.