SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED

DISEASES
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
 Gonorrhoea
 Syphilis
 HIV
 Human Papilloma virus (HPV)
 Untreated STDS lead to tubal blockage
General signs & symptoms
1. Pain when urinating

2. Blood stained urine

3. Spontaneous ulcers on the genitals

4. Purulent discharge from the vagina or penis

5. Itchiness in the genitals

6. White curdy discharge from the vagina

 MODES OF HIV/AIDS TRANSMISSION

ACTIVITY

List the primary modes of HIV transmission

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Three primary modes of transmission ;
1. BLOOD TO BLOOD TRANSMISSION

 Transfusion of HIV infected blood or direct

contact

 Exposure to HIV contaminated needles

 Donated organs

 Traditional practices involving scarification e.g.

Tattooing ,Therapeutic marks
Blood to blood transmission
SUDAN: Young Nuba Woman Pregnant woman from the Karo tribal
displaying elaborate area with scarification,
scarification depicting the Omo Valley, southern Ethiopia
passages of life
2. SEXUAL CONTACT
 Unprotected vaginal ,oral ,or anal intercourse
 Direct contact with semen or vaginal fluids e.g.
Health workers.
Risky Sexual Behaviors

 Unprotected vaginal intercourse

 Unprotected anal intercourse
 Unprotected oral intercourse
 Unprotected intercourse with multiple partners
 Vaginal Intercourse

 Vaginal/Penile
secretions
 Cuts or soars on
either the penis or
in/around the vagina
 Not only susceptible
to HIV/AIDS, but
other STI’s
 Anal Intercourse
 May cause tearing and
exposure to blood
 Seminal fluid
 The reason for this is that
HIV-infected semen can
come into contact with
mucosal tissues in the
anus that can be damaged
easily during anal
intercourse
 Oral Intercourse

 Cuts and Soars in mouth

 Seminal/Vaginal Fluids
 Oral-Vaginal Sex
 Oral-Anal Sex. Although the chance of getting or
transmitting HIV from rimming (mouth to rectum) is small,
there is a greater chance of transmitting hepatitis A and B,
parasites, and other bacteria to the partner who is doing
the rimming.
 Digital-Anal or Digital-Vaginal Sex While it is theoretically
possible that someone who has an open cut or fresh
abrasion on his or her finger or hand can be infected with
HIV if coming into contact with blood in the anus or vagina
or vaginal secretions.
Cont’
 Penile-Oral Sex. Remains a theoretical risk for HIV
infection.
 Performing oral sex on an HIV-infected man, with
ejaculation in the mouth, is the riskiest oral sex
activity.
 Factors that may increase the risk of HIV
transmission through oral sex are oral ulcers,
bleeding gums, genital sores, and the presence of
other sexually transmitted diseases.
Oral ulcers
3. PERINATAL TRANSMISSION

 MTCT during pregnancy

 MTCT during labour and delivery

 MTCT during breast feeding

 Mother-to-Baby

 Before Birth
 During Birth
 Postpartum
 After the birth
Modes of HIV/AIDS
Transmission
In Summary
HIV is not transmitted through ;-
 Coughing or sneezing

 Insects bites e.g.. By arthropods

 touching or hugging

 Kissing

 Going to a public bath or pool

 using telephones

 Sharing cups , spoons plates or other utensils

 FACTORS INFLUENCING HIV TRANSMISSION

What do you think are the main factors that

influence HIV transmission?

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 FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSMISSION

1. Biological Factors

i. Disease status of the source

ii. Presence of untreated STIS

iii. Circumcision status

iv. Gender differences in susceptibility

2. Social factors
i. Social Mobility

ii. Stigma and Denial

iii. People in conflict

iv. Cultural factors

v. Poverty

vi. Drug Use and alcohol consumption

Human Migration routes
SOME CULTURAL PRACTICES
Window inheritance /Sharing
Polyandry
Polygamy
Female Genital Cutting (FGC)
 ACTIVITY
What do you think are the consequences of FGC ?

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3. Behavioural Factors

i Multiple sexual partners

ii Unprotected sexual intercourse

iii Large age difference between sexual partners

Iv Sexual Orientation
Multiple sexual partners
 WHY ARE WOMEN MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO
HIV ?
1. Have large mucosal surface to which HIV is exposed during sexual
intercourse

2. Many women experience trauma during sex

3. Women have longer contact time with HIV containing semen deposited in
vagina

4. Immature and thinner mucosa in young girls hence lacerations and tears
during sex

5. Ignorance about sex, sexuality and ways to prevent HIV.Cannot negotiate

for sex
 Young women are almost twice as likely to acquire HIV
as their male counterparts-accounted for 33% of the
total no. of new infections in 2015 (23,312)
 Young men accounted for 16% of all new infections in
the same year (12,464)
 In 2016, women accounted for 910,000 of the 1.6million
PLWH
 CIRCUMCISION STATUS AND HIV ?
1. Circumcision reduces incidence of ulcerative STIS
commonly involving the foreskin

2. On circumcised penis,the glans is keratinised in

uncircumcised ,its weak more like mucous membrane

3. The foreskin increases the surface area over which the

virus can be absorbed

4. Inner surface of foreskin contains langerhans cells with

HIV receptors-Viral entry point

5. After sexual intercourse the foreskin encloses a pocket

of vaginal fluid around the neck of penis.
IMPACTS OF HIV

 Educational
Takes a share of the country budget reducing that for
education.
 Economic effects
 Productive generation is affected cannot produce more
 Social impact of HIV/AIDS
 Most communities have witnessed premature deaths.
 Demographic impact of HIV/AIDS
 adolescent age and thirties who die at the age less
than 40 years hence reduction of life expectancy
 Religious impact of HIV/AIDS
 People infected by HIV/AIDS may use their religious
affiliations that some of them do not encourage
treatment and use of protection measures.
 Pyscho-Emotional Impact of HIV/AIDS
 People infected by HIV/AIDS becomes emotionally
affected after they learn their status. The emotions
include anger, shock, sadness, denial and they end up
struggling with depression