CHEMICAL BONDS

Ionic bonding
(metal + non-metal)

Ionic bonds form a giant

lattice structure
 Example:
Magnesium Oxide

Here,

• Magnesium loses 2 electrons

• Oxygen gains 2 electron
• Magnesium becomes 2+ ion
• Oxygen becomes 2- ion
• Held to together in ionic
lattice
Calcium chloride - CaCl2

• Calcium loses 2 electrons

• Each chlorine atom gains 1
electron
• Two chlorine atoms
needed
• Forms ionic bond
Properties of ionic compounds – giant lattices

High Melting point – lots of ENERGY is needed to break the

strong bonds (strong electrostatic attraction)

Solubility - Can dissolve in water which enables the ions to move

Conduction - When MOLTEN or DISSOLVED IN WATER, ionic

compounds can conduct electricity because the ions can carry
current/charge (not electricity)
 Covalent bonding
(non-metal + non-metal)

Simple molecules Giant covalent structures

Simple molecules HYDROGEN

WAYS TO REPRESENT THE

MOLECULE

H H H H
Hydrogen atom needs Another hydrogen
one electron to
complete its outer shell
atom also needs one
electron to complete H H
its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to
form a single covalent bond
A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed
Simple molecules HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

Cl H

Hydrogen atom also

needs one electron to
Chlorine atom needs
complete its outer
one electron to
shell
complete its outer
shell

WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE

atoms share a pair of

H Cl H Cl electrons to form a single
covalent bond
Simple molecules
AMMONIA WAYS TO REPRESENT
THE MOLECULE

H N H

H H
Each hydrogen N
atom needs
one electron to
complete its
H H N H
Nitrogen atom needs 3
outer shell
H
electrons to complete its
outer shell H
Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5
electrons otherwise it will exceed
the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINS
GIANT COVALENT
STRUCTURES
 Giant covalent structure of diamond

Diamond

Diamond
• Diamond is made only from carbon atoms.
• Every carbon makes four covalent bonds to achieve a full
outer shell.

• Every carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms.

• This means the structure keeps on growing!
• We make a Giant Covalent Structure.

Key properties –
• Diamond is very hard.
• High melting points – because it has strong covalent bonds
(which take a lot of energy to break)
 Graphite Giant covalent structure of graphite

Graphite
• Graphite is made only from carbon atoms.
• Every carbon makes 3 covalent bonds to achieve a full
outer shell.
• Forms hexagonal rings, arranged in layers
• Weak intermolecular forces between the layers
• Every carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms

Key properties – • High melting point

• Graphite is very soft. • Conducts electricity – free
• Slippery – arranged in layers electrons