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Paleolithic (40,000 to 100,000 yrs ago): Stone tools and clay pots
Bronze Age (3,000 to 5,000 yrs ago): Bronze, glass, iron smelting
MATERIALS (HISTORICAL OVERVIEW)
forging, porcelain
Steel and concrete (100 – 1000 yrs ago)
Silicon (60s – )
Composites materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly
different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with
characteristics different from the individual components. E.g. Particulate composites,
Laminate composites, Fiber reinforced composites.
Smart materials
Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties that
Examples:
1) Piezoelectric materials
2) Thermoelectric materials
3) Dielectric elastomers
Needs for materials (i.e. final performance)
Only 3 main metals (iron, cobalt and nickel) are magnetic, the others are non-magnetic.
Physical Properties of NonMetals
Nonconductors
Brittle
Iron Aluminum
Others Others
Crystalline Structure Of Metals
There are 14 basic types of crystal structures or lattices. Nearly all of the
volume
atoms atom
a 4
unit cell 1 (0.5a) 3
R=0.5a 3
APF =
close-packed directions a3 volume
unit cell
• Coordination # = 8
Relationship b/w a& r in bcc
4R
a
3
R atoms volume
a 4
unit cell 2 ( 3a/4 ) 3
3 atom
APF =
volume
a3
unit cell
Coordination # = 12
The lattice parameter, a, is related to the radius of the atom in the cell through:
a 2R 2
The bcc and fcc, with their higher densities, are both quite
common in nature.
a atoms
4 volume
unit cell 4 ( 2a/4 ) 3
3 atom
APF =
volume
a3
unit cell
Examples: Graphite
Hexagonal Close Packed
There are two lattice parameters in HCP, a and c, representing the basal and
Coordination number and APF for HCP are exactly the same as those for FCC:
Examples: Graphite
COMPARISON OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
Atom position for the 8 corner atoms of the BCC unit cell are (0 0 0), (1 0 0),
Position coordinates of the unit cell where the direction vector emerges from
the cube surface after being converted to integers are the Direction Indices.
Position coordinates are (1,1/2,0) & its Direction indices are [210].
Crystallographic Equivalent
39
VACANCY OR VACANT LATTICE SITE
defects.
Vacancies are formed during
solidification and also as a result of
atomic vibrations.
VACANT LATTICE SITE
• (1) A vacancy.
in Fe.
Mg in Al or Ni in gold.
NaCl.
A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS
Line defects (DISLOCATIONS)
OR
line.
2 TYPES OF DISLOCATION
a) EDGE DISLOCATION
b) SCREW DISLOCATION
EDGE DISLOCATION
1) Line direction which is the direction running along the bottom of the extra
half plane.
direction.
SCREW DISLOCATION
SCREW DISLOCATION
Atoms at the grain boundary are poorly packed, and do not belong to the
Grains come in all shapes and sizes, and it can have a big effect on the
metals.
From an atomic perspective, diffusion is just the migration of atoms from lattice
site to lattice site.
In most metal alloys, interstitial diffusion occurs much more rapidly than vacancy
diffusion.
Other Diffusion Paths
Atomic diffusion may also occur along dislocations & grain boundaries.
There are 2 main factors that significantly effect diffusion process. These are:
1) Diffusing Species: The diffusing species as well as the host material influence
2) Define APF? Which crystal structure has more APF & why?
2) Define Miller Indices? Consider cubic crystal plane which has intercepts
(1/3, 2/3, 1). Draw the plane & Find its Miller Indices (2+4)
3) Define Burger Vector? What angle does it make with line direction in both
edge & screw dislocations? (2 + 2)