BASIC RADIOLOGY

OLEH KELOMPOK 1:
1. A. KHAERANI NURFAJAR (P122034)
2. ALFIATUL AZIZAH (P122037)
3. AUDY ARLANSYA (P122040)
4. EVA ADELIA UTAMI (P122043)
5. IZZAH SALSABILAH TASLIM (P122046)
6. LISNA WAHYUNI (P122049)
7. MUH. NABIL ALIF (P122052)
8. NUR AMELIA (P122055)
9. PRITA APRILIA MUNIDA (P122058)
10. SARI FIRDA SOPAHELUWAKAN (P122061)
11. SYAKILA DWI AMALIA. F (P122064)
DEFINITIONS OF RADIOLOGY
The branch of medical science that deals with the use of all modalities that use ionizing and
non-ionizing radiation energy, for the purposes of diagnostic imaging and therapeutic
procedures using radiological guidance. Including imaging techniques using x - ray radiation
emission , radioactive , ultrasonography and electromagnetic radio frequency.

DEFINITIONS OF RADIATION
Radiation is the emission and propagation of energy in the form of waves or particles through space
or a substance/matter. Radiation particles consist of atoms or sub - atoms which have mass and
move , spreading at high speeds using kinetic energy . Some examples of radiation particles are
electrons, beta, alpha, photons & neutrons.
Ionizing radiation is radiation which, when it hits or hits a material, produces electrically charged
particles called ions. The occurrence of these ions is called ionization. The ions resulting from the
ionization can have an effect or effect on materials, including living objects, which interact with
radiation. Ionizing radiation is sometimes referred to as atomic radiation or nuclear radiation .
Radiation sources can occur:
• Naturally. For example : radiation from cosmic rays , radiation from chemical elements found in the
layers of the earth 's crust , radiation that occurs in the atmosphere due to a shift in the trajectory of
the earth 's rotation .
• Artificially . For example : radiation x rays , alpha rays , beta rays , gamma rays.
FIELDS COVERED IN RADIOLOGY

1. Radiodiagnostics.
• Plain Photos
• X-ray with contrast (Angiography,
Myelography, Arthrography, etc).
• CT Scan.
• USG (Ultrasonography).
• MRI.
2. Nuclear medicine. Radiodiagnostics
• PET CT.
• Radiotherapy. Imaging from the results of
radiological examinations
can be used by doctors to
help diagnose disease.
IMAGING
• Gives an overview of anatomical morphology (and is
now being developed to describe the function of organs).
• Image on: conventional x-ray photo not equal to
Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, Nuclear Medicine, although the
organs examined are the same.
MODALITY IN RADIOLOGY
1. Conventional modalities: Basic standard Radiology, Mobile
Radiology, Fluoroscopy radiology /C Arm Radiology and
Panoramic.
2. Advanced modalities: • CT/MSCT (Computed
Tomography/Multislice Computer Tomography). • Mamography.
• Angiography. • DEXA (dual X-ray absorbtion) bone
Densitometri. USG (Ultasonography). • Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI). • Kedokteran Nuklir (SPECT, SPEC-CT, SPECT-
MRI, PET, PET-CT, PET-MRI, sentinel node scintigraphy,
scintimammography).
 X rays
Currently, x-rays are the most widely used in radiological
examinations.Special equipment is required to produce x
rays.Physicians must understand the properties of x
rays.Imaging requires certain projections.With this
understanding, doctors are expected to be more focused in
making radiological imaging requests, to support diagnostics.

X-RAY AIRCRAFT UNITS: • X-ray: is a part of the electromagnetic

1. X-Ray tube spectrum.
2. Collimators • Has a wavelength of 0.01 to 10 nano-
3. Compression Belts meters. Wavelength: shorter than UV rays and
4. Bucky tables longer than y-rays (gamma rays).
5. Grids • Has a frequency of : 30 petahertz to 30
6. Cassettes exahertz (3 × 1016 Hz to 3 × 1019 Hz).
• Energy: 120 eV to 120 keV.
 X-RAY
X-rays are produced by converting electrical energy into
radiation, invisible to the eye, their propagation is in a straight
line, can penetrate soft and hard tissue and has a
photographic effect by producing images that can be seen
(imaging).
THE PROCESS OF THE OCCURS OF X-RAYS:
a. The cathode (filament) is heated by passing electricity from the transformer until
it turns on (with a temperature of 20,000 °C).
b. After the cathode becomes hot, the electrons from the cathode (filament) are
released
c. The electrons move and are accelerated toward the anode.
d. Furthermore, the electrons hit the anode so that they suddenly stop/slow down,
producing heat (99%) and X-rays (1%).
e. The high heat at the anode due to the collision of electrons is cooled by the
radiator.
REQUIREMENTS FOR
GENERATION OF X-RAYS IN TUBE
1. Electron source (cathode) and target material
(anode).
2. Electron accelerating force with high voltage.
3. Electron vacuum
4. Electron beam concentrator (focus cup).
5. Cessation/deceleration of electron movement.
X-RAY FORMATION:
ㅁ The appearance of radiation due to modification of the
speed of the electron file that hits the target is called
bremstrahlung X-ray and produces a continuous spectrum.
ㅁ The appearance of radiation due to the collision of the
electron beam with the electron orbit of the target atom, is
known as the X-ray feature which has a line or discrete
spectrum.
X- ray properties
1. X- rays are only emitted, if aircraft is operated. x rays will stops
emitting when the device turned off and there is no residual
radiation.
2. Not electrically charged, so nocan be deflected by a magnetic field.
3. Cannot be focused by the lens.X- ray properties.
4. X- rays radiate divergingly and in a straight line.X- ray properties
5. Having perception power the materials. Only high- energy X- rays
can penetrate the material through which they pass. Some of the x
rays will be absorbed by materials. X- rays are able to penetrate that
material which will form an image or shadow or imaging.

Usually set by the radiographer

that is by arrangement :
a. KV
b. mAs.
c. Distance.
Kilovoltage
(Kv)
KV (kilovoltage) functions to set
the quantity andx-ray quality. An
increase in kV will increase the
speedand electron energy. The
increase in electron energy results
in an increase in the penetrating
power of x-ray photons on
matter/organs.
mAs (milliampere-
second)
X-ray tube current, is the number of
electrons crossing from the cathode
towards anode in tube per second. mAs
serves as the primary control over x-ray
quantity.The mAs setting on
radiography will produce a black
degree onx-ray film.

Distance
The farther the light source is
from the object, the less
penetrating power it has on that
object
 X- ray properties
6. Experiencing attenuation (reduction of power) as it
penetrates the material.
7. Scatter radiation in which the direction of the light changes.
8. Has an ionizing effect. X-rays when they hit a material or
substance can cause ionization of the particles or substance.
9. Causing biological effects → tissue disorders:
• Somatic disorders: as a resultdirect X-rays on body tissues,
ex.: can cause dermatitis.
•Genetic disorders (happens slowly): gene mutations and DNA
damage occur.
 RADIATION PROTECTION
• Is an action to protect radiation workers, the general public
and patients from unwanted radiation exposure, so as not to
cause adverse consequences.
•ALARA: As Low As Reasonable Achievable (Exposure dose
suppressed as small as possible).

PURPOSE OF RADIATION
PROTECTION
Prevent biological effects:
1.Deterministic effects (definite effects that depend on the
radiation dose and dose threshold value), for example: skin
erythema, bone marrow fibrosis, etc.
2. Stochastic effect (slow effect), namely gene damage, which
can appear in the next generation.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY (USG)
• Imaging uses ultrasound sound waves.
• Does not cause ionization.
• Frequency 2 to 20 MHz.
• Using Piezoelectric Crystals.
• So far no biological effects have been found.
• This examination is non-invasive.
• Using a transducer.
•Transducer = "piezoelectric effect", an electric current of
sound waves reflected by the body's organs as an echo
becomes an electric current. Based on the return of the
electric current, an image can be seen on the monitor.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE
IMAGING (MRI)
-Non-electromagnetic waves
ionizing.
-Uses RF trigger.
-The protons of the H atoms
vibrate.
-Affected by the presence of
metal (may cause artifacts).
-Has no biological effect.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MRI
-The structure of the hydrogen atoms in the human body when outside the
magnetic field has a random direction. Then when placed in an MRI (gantry)
device, the H atoms will align with the direction of the magnetic field. Likewise,
the direction of spinning and processing will be parallel to the direction of the
magnetic field.
-When given a radio frequency, the H atom will absorb energy from the radio
frequency. As a result, with increasing energy, the H atoms will experience
deflection, while the amount of direction deflection is affected by the magnitude
and duration of the radio frequency energy given.
-When the radio frequency is stopped, the H atoms will align again with the
direction of the magnetic field. At this time of return, the H atom will emit the
energy it has. Then the energy in the form of a signal is detected by a special
detector and amplified.
-Furthermore, the computer will process and reconstruct the signals obtained
into images such as organ slices.
Thank
you!