Quantum Mechanical

Model
 The Quantum Mechanical Model
• Erwin Schrödinger proposed the quantum
mechanical model of the atom, which treats
electrons as matter waves.

• According to quantum theory, it’s impossible

to know the exact position and momentum of
an electron at the same time. This is known
Uncertainty Principle.

• Use complex shapes of orbitals. Four numbers

called quantum numbers, were introduced to
describe the characteristics of electrons and
their orbitals.
• Principal quantum number

• Describe the average distance of the orbital

from the nucleus and energy of electron in
an atom.
• It have a positive integer values 1,2,3,4
• The larger value of n, the higher the energy
and the larger orbital.

• Angular momentum quantum

number (l)

• Describe the shape of the orbital

• The magnetic quantum number

• This describe how the various orbitals are

oriented in space.
• The value of this number depends on the value
of l
• It can be –l to 0 to +l

• The spin quantum number

• This describe the direction the electron is

spinning in a magnetic field--- either clockwise
or counter clockwise
 Noble Gas Configuration
• Electron Configuration- is the distribution of electrons of an atom or
molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.
• Main energy level represented by number ranging 1 to 7
• Sublevel represented by letters s, p, d, f
• Electrons represented by subscript numbers beside the sublevel.

• Valence electrons- electrons in the outermost energy level.

• The maximum number of valence electron for any element is eight,

• The noble gases are the only elements that exhibit a full eight valence electrons
except helium which is only two.
Electron Configuration
Electron configuration of Noble gases
 Noble gas notation or Noble gas configuration
• It used to conveniently designate the inner orbital configuration of higher
elements.
• The electron of the noble gases presents easier way to write down electron
configuration of the other elements.
 Octet Rule
• Proposed by Gilbert Lewis
• This rule states that an atom should have eight valence electrons to achieve
stability and any unstable element will react with another element- gaining,
losing or sharing their electrons until they become stable
 Lewis Structures
• Lewis electron dot structures ( LEDS) also called electron dot structures,
represent the valence electrons as dots around the chemical symbol of an
element.
• The electrons are distributed in circular motion, one at a time, with the next set
of electrons written as a pair of the first set.