Water Systems

Momentum equation summary

Please assemble under the bridge- front door of the
engineering lab
Momentum equation
MOMENTUM EQUATION

 Assumptions
– Steady flow (no derivative with respect to time)
– Straight flow (streamlines at the entering and exiting sections are
straight and parallel)
– Incompressible fluid (water density is assumed to be constant in
time and space)
– Viscosity is neglected

11
 Momentum Equation

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

⃗ ⃗
𝐹 =𝑚 𝑎
Force = Rate of change of momentum

⃗ 𝐷 F is force [N] (vector),

𝐹= (𝑚 𝑣
⃗) m is mass of fluid [kg],
𝐷𝑡 v is velocity of fluid [m/s] (vector)

12
 Momentum Equation

Momentum Gained =
Momentum Lost =
= A2 x2  v2
 A1x1  v1 = A2v22  t as x2  v2 t
 
= A1v12 t as x1  v1t = Qv2 t as Q  A2v2
= Qv1 t as Q  A1v1 13
 Momentum Equation

Rate of change of fluid momentum :

=
Qv 2 t Qv 1 t

t t
= Qv 2  Qv 1 14
 Momentum Equation

Force = Rate of change of momentum

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∑ 𝐹=( 𝜌𝑄⃗𝑣 )2− ( 𝜌𝑄⃗𝑣 )1=𝑀 2− 𝑀 1
Applies only to steady and straight flow
15
 Dynamic Forces
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∑ 𝐹=𝑀 2− 𝑀 1
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∑ 𝐹+ 𝑀 − 𝑀 =0
1 2

⃗
𝑊 +⃗
𝐹 𝑠 +⃗
𝑀 1−⃗
𝑀 2 =0

16
 Example
A 10-mm diameter jet of water is deflected by a homogeneous rectangular block
(15 mm by 200 mm by 100 mm) that weighs 6 N. Determine the minimum volume
flowrate needed to tip the block.

17
 M2
Wb=6 N
⃗
𝑊 +⃗
𝐹 𝑠 +⃗
𝑀 1−⃗
𝑀 2 =0
Wb

M1 Fbj
Horizontal direction
Q Q2
Fbj  M 1  Qu  Q  
A A

M2

The moment of the weight needs to be

equal to the moment of the force of the
Fjb Wb jet against the block
Fbj A
Q
F jb  0.05  Wb  0.0075 
F jb 
6  0.0075
 0 .9 N 

0.9    0.012 4 
0.05 1000
 2.66 10  4 m 3 s 1  0.266 Ls 1
18
 MOMENTUM EQUATION
Force = Rate of change of momentum Momentum
Fluxes

⃗
𝐹 + ⃗
𝐹 + ⃗
𝑊= ⃗
𝑀 − ⃗
∑ 𝑅 ∑ 𝑃 ∑ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∑ 𝑀 𝑖𝑛
Response force Rate of change of
against water impact Pressure Gravitational
Momentum
Force = p A Force

⃗
𝐹 + ⃗
𝐹 + ⃗
𝑊+ ⃗
𝑀 − ⃗
∑ 𝑅 ∑ 𝑃 ∑ 𝑖𝑛 ∑ 𝑀 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =0
⃗
𝑀=𝜌 𝑄 ⃗𝑣

19
NOTES ON MOMENTUM EQUATION

Fp
Fp = p A. The sign of each p A term is based on

1 – p A terms are available for closed conduit such as flow in pipes which are under
pressure.

2 – The pressure values are gage pressure; this means that if the flow is at
atmospheric pressure, the pressure will be considered as zero.

3 – p A is a force (i.e. a vector) which is always inward to the section.

P2 A2

P1 A1

20
NOTES ON MOMENTUM EQUATION

W
W is a force that shows the weight and is always in vertical direction and downward.

FR
Guess a direction and solve the problem.
- if (+), your guess is correct.
- if (-), your guess is incorrect. Just change the direction and the
magnitude is correct.

FR
W

21
NOTES ON MOMENTUM EQUATION

M = ρQV
Choose the direction of the flow (i.e., direction of the vector v) as positive.
- Remember that the flows entering the control volume have a positive sign in
the momentum equation, when written in terms of vectors
- Remember that the flows exiting the control volume have a negative sign in
the momentum equation, when written in terms of vectors

M2

M1

22
 FORCE ON A HORIZONTAL CONVERGING BEND

Horizontal bend
Neglect viscosity
p1  170 kN m -2
What is the magnitude
and direction of the force
exerted on the bend?

23
The control volume is the
water contained in the bend
between sections 1 and 2

24
The control volume is the Magnitudes of forces
water contained in the bend
between sections 1 and 2 F1  p1 A1 F2  p2 A2

M 1  Qu1   Q 2 A1 M2
M 2  Qu2   Q 2 A2
F2

y
x
R is the force of the
pipe against the
R
Ry water.
We want –R, which
M1 F1 is the force of the
Rx
water on the bend.

25
 Momentum Equation (in vectorial form)
⃗
𝐹 1+ ⃗
𝐹2+ ⃗
𝑅 +⃗
𝑀 1−⃗
𝑀 2= 0 M2

⃗
∑𝐹 F2

Momentum Equation along y (using magnitudes) y

 F2 sin 60  R y   M 2 sin 60   0
x
 
R
Ry
M1 F1
Rx

Momentum Equation along x (using magnitudes)


F1  F2 cos 60  Rx  M 1   M 2 cos 60  0 
26
 d12 0 .6 2
F1  p1 A1  p1  170    48.07 kN
4 4
F2  p2 A2 p2  ?
p1 u12 p2 u22
Applying Bernoulli between sections 1 and 2:   
 2g  2g

 u12 u 22   3.54 2  14.152 

p2  p1       170000  9810   76 kN m -2
 2g 2g   2  9.81 

F2  p2 A2  5.38 kN

M 1  Qu1  1000 1  3.54  3.54 kN

M 2  Qu2  1000 1 14.15  14.15 kN

27
 Momentum Equation along y (using magnitudes)

 F2 sin 60  R y  M 2 sin 60  0

3
R y  F2 sin 60  M 2 sin 60  5.38  14.15
 
 16.91  17 kN
2
Momentum Equation along x (using magnitudes)

F1  F2 cos 60  Rx  M 1  M 2 cos 60  0

Rx  F1  F2 cos 60  M 1  M 2 cos 60

1 1
 48.07  5.38  3.54  14.15  41.84  42 kN
2 2

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 The force of the water against the pipe has
a magnitude equal to

R  Rx2  R 2y  42 2  17 2  45 kN

The angle with respect to the horizontal

direction is

 Ry 
tan    22
1

 Rx 

22˚
-R
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 EXAMPLE

Neglecting losses, determine the x and

y components of the force needed to
hold the Y in place.

The plane of the Y is HORIZONTAL.

30
Continuity Equation Q1  Q2  Q3 2

u1  2.62 m s -1
3
u  Q A  u2  13.58 m s -1
u3  5.09 m s -1
1
Bernoulli Equation (z=0, horizontal)

p1 u12 p2 u 22 p3 u32
    
 2g  2g  2g
 u12 u 22   2.62 2  13.582 
p2  p1       70000  9810   18.79 kN m -2
 2g 2g   2  9.81 
 u12 u32   2.62 2  5.09 2 
p3  p1       70000  9810   60.47 kN m -2
 2g 2g   2  9.81 

31
 Momentum Equation (in vectorial form)

⃗
𝐹 1+ ⃗
𝐹 2 +⃗
𝐹 3 +⃗
𝑅+ ⃗
𝑀1 − ⃗
𝑀 2− ⃗
𝑀 3=0

⃗
∑𝐹
F1  p1 A1  16.03 kN
F2  p2 A2  0.33 kN
F3  p3 A3  4.27 kN R

M 1  Qu1  1.57 kN
M 2  Qu2  3.26 kN
M 3  Qu3  1.83 kN

32
Momentum Equation along y (using magnitudes)

F1  F2 sin 60  F3 sin 45  R y 

 M 1  M 2 sin 60  M 3 sin 45  0
R y  10.75 kN

Momentum Equation along x (using magnitudes)

F2 cos 60  F3 cos 45  Rx 

  M 2 cos 60  M 3 cos 45  0

Rx  2.85 kN

33
SUMMARY - IDEAL FLUIDS (INVISCID FLOW)

 Continuity Equation 𝑄= 𝐴 𝑢 𝑚=constant

2
𝑝 𝑢𝑚
 Energy Equation 𝐻 =𝑧 + + 𝛼 =constant
𝛾 2𝑔
(Bernoulli) 𝛼 ≅ 1∈most cases

 Momentum Equation ⃗
𝐹 + ⃗
𝐹 + ⃗
𝑊+ ⃗
𝑀 − ⃗
∑ 𝑅 ∑ 𝑃 ∑ 𝑖𝑛 ∑ 𝑀 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =0

34
 ENERGY EQUATION FOR VISCOUS FLOW

H 2  H1  hL  hLm
Distributed or
major losses Local or
minor losses

H 2  H1  hL  hLm  h p H 2  H1  hL  hLm  hT

(2)

(1)

35
ENERGY EQUATION

To study pipe flow we need to be able to determine major

and minor losses

Derive expressions for major (i.e., distributed along

the pipe) and minor (i.e., localized) energy losses
for both laminar and especially turbulent flow

2
Major head losses 1 𝑢 𝑚
along a length L of a h 𝐿 =𝑆𝐿 𝐿= 𝑓 𝐿
pipe with diameter D 𝐷 2𝑔

𝑆𝐿 𝐷
𝑓= 2 Friction Factor Note that f is often called 
𝑢 /(2 𝑔)
𝑚

36
REYNOLDS NUMBER

𝜌𝑉 𝐷
ℜ¿ V and D are velocity and length
characteristic of the physical
𝜇 phenomenon under study

2 3 2 Kinetic energy of a
𝜌𝑉 𝐷 𝑉 𝐷 𝜌 𝐷 𝑉 cube with side D
ℜ¿ ⋅ = (multiplied by 2)
𝜇 𝑉 𝐷 𝑉 𝐷 𝜇⋅ 𝐷
2

Work of viscous force

along a distance D

37
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

VD
Re   2000  2100


VD
Re   4000


38
 LAMINAR FLOW
Shear Stress linear Parabolic velocity
with r profile

This is valid for both This is valid ONLY for

laminar and turbulent flow laminar flow

39
LAMINAR FLOW – VELOCITY PROFILE

40
 LAMINAR FLOW CIRCULAR PIPE

  SL D  2
 2r 
2
  wD   2r  
2

u (r )    1      1    
 16    D   4    D  
umax  S L D 2 Hagen-Poiseuille Law
um  
2 32
  SL D 4
Q
128 Notice that for laminar flow in circular pipe

d u m2
p 3
A dA
u
S L   z  p /   H  z    2
dx  2g 3
u A
m
Slope of the HGL

41
f FOR CIRCULAR PIPES

SL D  SL D 2 32  um
f  2 um   SL 
u m /(2 g ) 32  D 2

Log f

64
f 
Re
Log Re

42
SUMMARY

 Fully Developed Laminar Flow

– Circular pipes
– Friction coefficient

 Energy losses along the pipe can be expressed as

1 um2 64
hL  f L where, for circular pipes, f 
D 2g Re

43
EXAMPLE

Well rounded entrance (no local With the provided data,

losses at the entrance of the pipe) calculate the flow rate, Q.

zu  z d  0.1 m
D  0.1 m
L 5m
γ  8820 N m -3
  0.87 N s m -2

z2

44
EXAMPLE
Well rounded entrance (no
local losses at the entrance
of the pipe)
zu  z d  0.1 m
D  0.1 m
L 5m
γ  8820 N m -3
  0.87 N s m -2

z2

p2 u22
H1  H 2  hL  H 2  S L L H 1  zu H 2  z2  
 2g

45
 p2 u22 u22
H 1  zu H 2  z2    zd  
 2g 2g
u2
Energy Balance zu  z d    SL L
p2 2g
 z d  z 2 
  SL D 2 32 
u  SL  u
32  D 2

u 2 32 
zu  zd     2 uL
2 g D
p 2   z d  z 2  0 .1  2
u2

32  0.87
u 5
2  9.81 8820  0.1 2

u  0.063 m s -1
D2 uD 8820 9.81 0.063  0.1
Q  u   0.495 L s -1 Re 


0.87
 6 .5
4

46