Research II 10-STE

Quarter 3 - Module 1:
Statistics in Experimental
Research
MA. ALMIE G. PABIA
Research Teacher
MELCs:
⮚ Utilize appropriate statistical tools in
analyzing data
⮚ Interpret data/statistical results
 What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
What’s In
 Statistics in Research
What’s New

02
 What is It
Statistics
• It can tell the researcher what methods of data
collection are appropriate to be able to get answers
to the research questions.
• It also provides a platform for research
• Whether researcher should use a sample or the
whole population, or what techniques to be used for
data collection and observation.
 Statistical Methods
▪ used in the analysis of data, to support the
hypothesis being tested, and most of all it
gives credibility to research methodology
and conclusion
▪ help us understand and describe
phenomena in our world so that we can
make reliable conclusions, judgments, and
decisions about the phenomena
 Hypothesis Testing
❑ We test our prediction about one or more of the
population parameters (or characteristics) that
will either be accepted or rejected based on
the information obtained from the sample.

❑ Sample data provide us with estimates of

population parameters or characteristics.

❑ These estimates are used in deciding to either

accept or reject a hypothesis.
 These are the STEPS in HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

1. State the null hypothesis and alternative ones.

2. Choose the appropriate statistical measure to be
used or test statistic/s.
3. Identify the significance level (alpha) and the
sample size.
4. Determine the sampling distribution and define
the critical region.
5. Determine whether to dismiss the null hypothesis
or accept it.
1. Stating the null and alternative hypotheses.

TWO TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS:

A. Null Hypothesis (Ho)
B. Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

Null Hypothesis
Is a type of hypothesis in statistics that proposes
that there is no difference between certain
characteristics of a population (or data-generating
process)
Examples of Null Hypothesis
 Alternative Hypothesis

States that there is a statistical

significance between two
variables and is what scientist
are seeking to prove through
experimentation
2. Choosing the appropriate statistical measure to be used or test statistic/s.

❏ A calculated number used to determine

whether to deny or support the null
hypothesis is a statistical test or test
statistics.
❏ For the test statistics, the formula to be
used depends on the variable we are
measuring.
❏ The variable’s measurement level is the
basis for selecting the relevant statistics to
be used to evaluate the hypothesis.
3. Identifying the significance level (α) and the sample size.

This is the step where

the researcher sets up
the rejection region and
acceptance region for
the null hypothesis. The
rejection region is
called the critical
region. The remaining
region is the
acceptance region.
3. Identifying the significance level (α) and the sample size.
4. Choosing the appropriate statistical measure to be used or test statistic/s.

When we are testing a hypothesis concerning

means, we may either use the standard normal
distribution table (z-table) or the t-values, or the
Student’s t distributiontable. (Don’t worry you are
not going to use this yet).
5. Determining whether to dismiss the null hypothesis or
accept it.
Statistical tests can be parametric or non-parametric:
 Comparison tests
 look for differences among group means
 They can be used to measure the influence of a
categorical variable on any other characteristic’s
mean value.
 When comparing the means for precisely two classes, t-
tests are used (e.g. the average heights of men and
women). ANOVA and MANOVA tests are used when
comparing the means of more than two groups (e.g. the
average heights of children, teenagers, and adults).
 Correlation tests
 Without assuming cause and effect relationships,
correlation tests check if two variables are
related.
 Choosing a non-parametric test

 Non-parametric tests do not make as many

data assumptions and are beneficial when
violating one or more of the common
assumptions.
 The inferences they make, however, are not as
effective as parametric tests.
PETA 3.1
Thank You!!!