Dimension of Develop-

ment:
HEALTH AWARE-
NESS
Learning Objectives:

1 Name some common communicable and non-communicable diseases.

2 Identify the causes and symptoms of these diseases.

3 Enumerate and follow the preventive measures for these diseases.

 Overview
This chapter deals with some common communicable and non-
communicable diseases and their causes, symptoms, and preven-
tion.
The disease triangle is a conceptual model that
shows the interactions between the environment,
the host and an infectious (or abiotic) agent.

This model can be used to predict epidemiological

outcomes in plant health and public health, both in
local and global communities.
Dengue Fever – a febrile disease caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the
genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DENGUE
PREVENTION
MALARIA
is a vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical
regions. It is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that
commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans.
MALARIA its:
CHOLERA
An acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with
the bacterium Vibrio cholera. It has a short incubation period lasting from less than
one day to five days.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
PREVENTION
 AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU)
An influenza is an infection caused by avian influenza A viruses found chiefly in birds,
but infections can occur in humans .
SIGNS and SYMPTOMS
H1N1
Is a flu virus that is also known as the swine flu. Scientist call the H1N1 virus a ‘’ quadruple reassortant’’
virus because it contains two genes found in flu viruses which circulate among pigs and two genes found in flu
viruses which circulates among birds.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Also known as typhoid, an acute illness most often caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria or the
Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually leads to a less severe infection.

The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Non-communicable - or chronic - diseases are diseases of
long duration and generally slow progression.
Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. It can lead to severe health complications
and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death. Blood pressure is the force
that a person's blood exerts against the walls of their blood vessels.
Blood pressure is recorded with 2 numbers:

1. The systolic pressure (higher number) is the force at which your heart
pumps blood around your body.

2. The diastolic pressure(lower number) is the resistance to the blood flow

in the blood vessels.
 NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood pressure reading 120/80 or lower is considered normal.

 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure reading 140/90 or higher is considered high. If one
or both numbers are usually high, you have high blood pressure
or hypertension.
 LOW BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood pressure reading 110/60 is too low is considered as hypotension.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or
blood vessels. It's usually associated with a build-up of fatty deposits inside the arteries
(atherosclerosis) and an increased risk of blood clots.
A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is blocked. The blockage is
most often a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances, which form a plaque in
the arteries that feed the heart (coronary arteries). Sometimes, a plaque can rupture
and form a clot that blocks blood flow.
A stroke is a sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain. Most strokes are
caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain (ischemic stroke).

Other strokes are caused by bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel bursts
(hemorrhagic stroke)
Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high.
Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get
into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make
insulin.
Types of diabetes
There are three main types of diabetes – type 1, type 2 and gestational.
Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, but occurs most frequently in children and
adolescents. When you have type 1 diabetes, your body produces very little or no
insulin, which means that you need daily insulin injections to maintain blood glucose
levels under control.
Type 2 diabetes is more common in adults and accounts for around 90% of all diabetes cases.
When you have type 2 diabetes, your body does not make good use of the insulin that it produces.
The cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment is healthy lifestyle, including increased physical
activity and healthy diet. However, over time most people with type 2 diabetes will require oral
drugs and/or insulin to keep their blood glucose levels under control.
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a type of diabetes that consists of high blood glucose during
pregnancy and is associated with complications to both mother and child. GDM usually disap-
pears after pregnancy but women affected and their children are at increased risk of developing
type 2 diabetes later in life.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors,
which do not spread.
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER

Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Leukemia, Lymphomas, Adenomas

Carcinomas. A carcinoma begins in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of
internal organs and glands. Carcinomas usually form solid tumors. They are the most
common type of cancer.

Examples of carcinomas include prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and
colorectal cancer.
Sarcomas. A sarcoma begins in the tissues that support and connect the body. A
sarcoma can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph
vessels, cartilage, or bone.
•Leukemia. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood. Leukemia begins when healthy blood
cells change and grow uncontrollably.

The 4 main types of leukemia are acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic

lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia.
•Lymphomas. Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system. The
lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands that help fight infection.

There are 2 main types of lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma and

non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
•Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal
gland, and other glandular tissues.