Other Specialized Cells

• Stem cells
• Fat cells (adipocytes)
• Skin cells (epithelial cells)
• Endothelial cells responsible for
angiogenesis
• Cancer cells
 Guide Questions:
• G1:What is the role of
chromosomes in cell division?
• Chromosomes make it possible
to separate DNA precisely
during cell division.
• G2: What are some of the
difficulties a cell faces as it
increases in size?
• the larger a cell becomes, the
more demands the cell places
on its DNA
• larger cell is less efficient in
moving nutrients and waste
materials across the cell
membrane
• G3: How do cells undergo
growth and repair? Give an
example of a scenario
• G4: Describe what happens
during checkpoints
• Cell go through a series of
events known as cell cycle as
they grow and divide
• During cell cycle, a cell
grows, prepares for division,
and divides to form two
daughter cells
EVALUATION
(1/8 sheet)
Mitosis
 Trait Survey
Organism Haploid Diploid
Amoeba N=25
Chimpanzee N=24
Earthworm N=18
Fern 2N=1010
Hamster N=22
Human 2N=46
Onion 2N=16
 Guide Questions:
• 1. Calculate: What are the
haploid numbers for fern and
onion plants?
• 2. In the table, which
organisms’ diploid numbers
are closest to that of a
human?
• 3. Why is diploid number
always even?
• 4. Which organism’s haploid
and diploid numbers do you
find the most surprising?
Why?
Meiosis
 Guide Questions
• How many sets of genes are
found in most adult
organisms?
• Diploid (2N=6)
• Haploid (N=3)
• What events occur during
each phases of meiosis?
 Meiosis I Meiosis II
• Prophase I • Prophase II
• Metaphase I • Metaphase II
• Anaphase I • Anaphase II
• Telophase I • Telophase II
– Cytokinesis I – Cytokinesis II
Meiosis I
 Prophase I
• Each replicated chromosomes
pairs with corresponding
homologous chromosomes
• This pairing forms a structure
called tetrad
• create tetrads (XX) by pairing
homologous chromosomes
(crossing over)
 Metaphase I
• Paired homologous
chromosomes (tetrads ) line up
along the metaphase plate
• It is when independent
assortment takes place
 Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosomes
move to opposite ends of the
cell
• Spindle fibers pull each
homologous chromosome pair
toward opposite ends of the
cell
 Telophase I
• Equal number of chromosomes
is observed in each of the
nuclei
• Nuclear membrane forms
around each cluster of
chromosomes
 Cytokinesis I
• Divide the cell membrane so
that its result will be two
daughter cells
• These daughter cells are now
haploid (n), wherein the
number of chromosomes has
been halved
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
• Each of the two cells should
contain the chromosomes made
up of sister chromatids
• Chromosomes must consists
of two chromatids
 Metaphase II
• Align the chromosomes along
the middle of each cells
 Anaphase II
• Separation of the sister
chromatids
• Movement of one sister
chromatid from each
chromosome to opposite sides
of the cell
 Telophase II
• At this stage, there will be four
nuclei , with two single
chromatids in each of the cells
 Cytokinesis II
• Division of the cell membrane
so that it will produce four
daughter cells
Mitosis vs Meiosis
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

• Directions: Create a table that

compares mitosis from
meiosis.
• Guide Question: How is
meiosis different from mitosis?
• Meiosis I- Reduction Division
• Meiosis II- Equation Division
2
Process DNA Synapsis Cross Homolo- Sister Number
Synthesis of over gous chroma- and
homolog chromo- tids line genetic
ous
somes up at composi
chromo-
somes
line up the -tion of
at the meta- daughter
meta- phase cells
phase plate
plate
Mitosis

Meiosis
Process DNA Synapsis Cross Homolo- Sister Number
Synthesis of over gous chroma- and
homolog chromo- tids line genetic
ous
somes up at composi
chromo-
somes
line up the -tion of
at the meta- daughter
meta- phase cells
phase plate
plate
Mitosis S phase Does not Does not Does not Metaphase Two
of occur in occur in occur in diploid
interphase mitosis Mitosis mitosis cells at
the end
of
mitosis

Meiosis Prophase Prophase Prophase Metaphase Metaphase Four

II
I I I I haploid
cells at
the end
of