Central University,

Mile-91.
Sierra Leone.
Department of Technical Sciences.

Introduction to Computer System

(CC114)
Study Programs: BSc. CS & BIT.
Study Year: 1, Semester: II
Instructor: Mr. David Sapunka Fornah
 UNIT THREE
WEEK 10, 11 & 10:
DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

LOGIC GATES
4.0Introduction:
While "logical" refers to a high-level perspective of hardware, software, or data that is
unrelated to physical structures, "logical" relates to algorithms and operational
sequences.

Digital electronic circuits operate with voltages of two logic levels namely:
i.Logic Low - The range of voltages corresponding to Logic Low is represented with ‘0’.
ii.Logic High - Similarly, the range of voltages corresponding to Logic High is
represented with ‘1’.
 4.1Integrated Circuit (IC) Classification

In integrated circuits devices are built using transistors and capacitors they can
be classified as follow:
1. SSI (Small Scale Integration Devices)
Contain several independent gates in a single package.
Input and output are connected directly to the pins in the package with less than 10
logic gates which are limited by the number of pins available in the IC.
 Week 4 Continues ...................

2. MSI (Medium Scale Integration Devices)

These type of devices has a complexity of approximately 10 to 200 gates in a
single package.
The basic components include decoders, adders, and registers.

3.LSI (Large Scale Integration Devices)

LSI devices contain about 200 to a few thousand gates in a single package.
The basic components of an LSI device include digital systems, such as processors,
memory chips, and programmable modules.
4.VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration Device)

A typical example of this is (VLSI device) that of a complex microcomputer chip,

made up of thousands of gates into a single package.

The digital electronic circuits are categorized under this technology.

NAND, NOR, or an inverter gate are most common component found these
technology.
The most popular among the digital logic
families include:
 Week 4 Continues ...................

1.TTL (Transistor-transistor Logic)

Consist of bipolar junction transistor (BJTs) which are widely used in variety of
electronic application especially in CMOS.

They are also used in both isolate input to perform logic switching.
Features of TTL Family:

The overall power supply voltage for TTL circuit is 5 volts, and the two logic
levels are approximately 0 and 3.5 volts.

A TTL circuit can support at most 10 gates at its output.

The average propagation delay for a TTL circuit is about 9ns.

1) TTL Applications
TTL is used as a switching device in driving lamps and relays.
TTL is used in controller application for providing 0 to 5Vs.
TTL families are mostly used in processors of minicomputers like DEC VAX.
It is also used in printers and video display terminals.
 2.4 Computer Memory Design

2) ECL (Emitter-coupled Logic)

This is a digital circuit that is composed of bipolar transistors in which the emitter
ends are wired together.
The ECL technology provides the highest-speed digital circuits in integrated form.
These circuits (ECL) are used in supercomputers and signal processors where high
speed is essential.
The transistors in ECL gates operate in a non-saturated state, a condition that
allows the achievement of propagation delays of 1 to 2 nanoseconds.
 Main Memory Categorization

Features of ECL Family

The logic gates continuously draw current even in the inactive state. Hence
power consumption is more as compared to other logic families.
ECL uses bipolar transistor logic where the transistors are not operated in the
saturation region.
The average propagation delay for an ECL gate is about 0.5 to 2ns.
 Translating binary to decimal

3) MOS (Metal-oxide semiconductor)

The MOS (Metal-oxide semiconductor) is a unipolar transistor that depends on the
flow of only one type of carrier, which may be electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-
channel).
MOS technology is generally categorized in two basic forms:
I. PMOS - The operations performed by a PMOS logic family can be explained by
considering a PMOS NAND gate. In that:
When a low logic is applied to either A or B, the transistor gets activated. This makes a
connection between power supply and the output terminal.
When a low logic is applied, the output is raised to a logic high value. Otherwise, it will
remain at logic low in other cases.
The pull-down resistor 'R' maintains the low logic unless a low logic is applied to either
A or B.
II.NMOS an n-channel MOS is referred to as NMOS.
Use of NMOS transistors along with a pull-up resistor:
When a high logic is applied to both inputs, both of the transistors get
activated.
This makes a connection between the output terminal and ground.
In case, any one of the input is at logic high, and the other one is at logic low,
the transistor gets deactivated.
This terminates the path between the output terminal and ground.
 Week 4 Continues ...................

4. CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)

The most widely used integrated circuit fabrication for technology nodes.

The complementary MOS or CMOS technology uses the following:

i. PMOS Positive-channel MOD and NMOS - (Negative-channel MOS) transistors

connected in a complementary manner in all circuits.

ii. CMOS logic families are highly preferred in large-scale integrated circuits because
of its high noise immunity and low power dissipation.
Some other Internal Memories of the
Computer System
Week 5 Continues ...................
Secondary Storage Devices and Access
Method
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Disadvantages of Magnetic Tape Storage

 Must be stored in a dust free environment because, dust particles can cause tape
reading error.
 Ribbon may jet twisted due to improper handling thus resulting to data lost.
 They must be properly labeled.
 Data access method is sequential therefore requires more access time compared to
other storage medium.
 Input and Output Systems with examples

The input and output devices are used to interact with the computer system.

 Input devices are used to sent/fed data/information from the user to the
computer system.
 Output devices are used to provide data/information from the computer to the
user.
 Input: Controlled by the user
 Output: Controlled by the computer system
 Input: Translate user friendly inputs into machine-understandable form
 Output: Machine-friendly outputs into user-understandable form.
 Input: Helps input data into the system
 Output: Help generate result/output
 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Computer
Input Data System
Device (CPU)

Computer
System Output
Data
(CPU) Device

Retrieved from: HTTP://WWW.tutorialsmate.com/2021/11/difference-between-input-and-output-devices.html

 Some Types of Input Devices

Two types
I.Manual Input Device: allows user to enter data/information into the computer by
hand, for example the keyboard.

II.Direct Input Device: allow direct data entry into the computer system. Example
barcarole reader.
 Week 6 Continues ...................

Examples of some Input Devices

i. Keyboard

ii. Digitalize Tablet - enable user to input drawing/sketches

iii. Light Pen - an electronic-optical device which is also used to draw images.

iv. Speech Input or Speech Recognition - an interactive system to communicate

with the computer
 Week 6 Continues ...................

1. Scanner - transfers input into the computer

2. Optical Mark Reorganization - a mark sensing device used to detect the
presence or absent of a mark on a paper
3. Magnetic Ink Character Recolonization - an input device used to read
magnetic characters that are made up of ink.
4. Bar Code Reader - a photoelectric scanner used to read codes or vertical
lines
 Some Type of Output Devices

Forms of Output

i. Hard copy Output- this is the physical form of an output. An example of it is a

printed document. A hard copy output is permanent, tangible, relatively stable and
portable.

ii. Soft Copy Output- this type of output is in an electronic form. It is usually present
in the computer memory or on a disk. The most common soft copy outputs are on
the screen and speakers.
 Week 6 Continues ...................

Examples of Output Devices

i. Monitor - one of the most typical output

ii. Sound Cards and Speakers - enable the manipulation of sound in a unique code and
send sound through the speakers.

iii. Plotters - device used to draw lines on different axis

Types of Printers

1. Dot Metric Printer:

Works by physical impact
Create it an image by using a mechanisms call print head.
Print 25 to 450 characters per second.
2. Ink Jet Printer:
Used a mechanism that spray ink to create an image
Uses nozzles to spray ink
Print up to 4 pages per minute.
It uses cartridge
 Week 6 Continues ...................

3. Laser Printer
 More expensive, fast and high printing quality
 It uses light mechanism to make a print out
 It prints about 4 to 20 pages per minute using a powered ink celled toner.
 Laser printers has CPU and Memory built into it.
4. Daisy Wheel Printer:
 Made up of wheel, surrounded by set of slugs.
 The will rotates, pull the pins to come in contact with the parer
 Week 6 Continues ...................

5. Electro-thermal Printer

Uses a high pressure heat to produce a print out

Parers are expose to an array of electrical elements an image for print out

It down side is that special parers are used.

6. Line Printer

 Characterized by it capability to print a complete line in a fraction of seconds.

 Week 6 Continues ...................

Types of Line Printers

i. Drum Printer
Made up of a drum that rolls to print characters
Uses a print hammer and a ribbon between paper to make a print out.
II. Electrostatic Printer
Uses positively and negatively charged toner and paper respectively.
III. Chain Pinter
Uses a set of slugs mounted on a rotating chain
 Devices That Serve as Input and Output at
the Same Time

I. Touch Screen
It captures an input when a finger or an object is touches the screen.
II. Digital Camera
It stores images in digital form instead of film.
III. Modem
Transmit data/information in and out of the computer.
It MOdulate/DEModulates signals
 Week 6 Continues ...................

POINTING DEVICES
I. Mouse
II. Track Ball
III. Joystick
END OF UNIT TWO