Mechanics

Mechanics and
and Energy
Energy

Units & measurements.

Scalar and vector quantities.

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Mr.
Mr.Tamer
TamerM.
M. Elfaidy
Elfaidy
1
 Units
Units &
& measurements
measurements
 The international community adopted a system of units
for measurements to be used all over the World.
 This system known as “Systěm Internationale” or SI.
 The international system of units or the French “Le
Système International d'Unités”, abbreviated by (SI), is
a universal, unified, self-consistent system of
measurement units based on:

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 Units
Units &
& measurements
measurements

Table (1.1) lists the seven base SI units

Quantity Name of base SI unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

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 Units
Units &
& measurements
measurements
 (1) Length:
 Length is measured in meter (m) by
international agreement, the standard meter
defined as the length of the path traveled by
light in vacuum during a time interval of
1/299,792,458 of a second.

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 Units
Units &
& measurements
measurements
 (2) Mass:
 Mass is measured in kilogram (kg). The standard
kilogram is defined as the quantity of mass
contained in the international prototype kilogram
which is made of platinum-iridium cylinder.

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 Units
Units &
& measurements
measurements
 (3) Time:
 Time is measured in second (s), the standard second
defined in terms of the resonant frequency of the
cesium atom, that is, the frequency at which this
atom absorbs energy, or 9,192,631,770 hertz (cycles
per second).

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 Scientific
Scientific notation
notation
Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 exa E
1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015 peta P
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T
1 000 000 000 = 109 giga G
1 000 000 = 106 mega M
1 000 = 103 kilo k
100 = 102 hecto h
10 = 101 deca da
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 Scientific
Scientific notation
notation
Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol
0.1 = 10-1 deci d
0.001 = 10-2 centi c
0.001 = 10-3 milli m
0.000001 = 10-6 micro 
0.000000001 = 10-9 nano n
0.000000000001 = 10-12 pico p
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-15 femto f
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-18 atto a
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 Scientific
Scientific notation
notation // Examples
Examples
 10-3m is equivalent to 1 millimeter (mm).
 103 m corresponds to 1 kilometer (km).
 1 kg is 103 grams (g).
 1 megavolt (MV) is 106 volts (V).
 100 cm2 equivalent to 10-2 m2.
 1000 cm3 equivalent to 1 liter of 10-3 m3.
 1 g equivalent to 10-6 kg.
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 Scientific
Scientific notation
notation // Examples
Examples
 Example (1.1):
 Suppose that human average life spans up to 70
years, estimate the total number of heart beating
during life, if the average heart beating is 78 beat
per minute.

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 Scientific
Scientific notation
notation // Examples
Examples
 Solution (1.1):
 If we denote N to be the total number of heart
beating during an average life, then;

d h min beat
N  70 y  365  24  60  78
y d h min
N  2869776000 beat  2.87 10 beat 9

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 Scalars
Scalars &
& Vectors
Vectors Quantities
Quantities
 Scalar quantities: are quantities which are
fully described by a magnitude (or numerical
value) alone.
 Vector quantities: are quantities which are
fully described by both a magnitude and a
direction.

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 Scalars
Scalars &
& Vectors
Vectors Quantities
Quantities
Scalar
Physical quantity example
distance 3m
speed 70 km/h
time 6s
volume 10 cm3
Energy 2J
density 3500 kg/m3
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Pressure 1000 Pa
 Scalars
Scalars &
& Vectors
Vectors Quantities
Quantities
Vector
Physical quantity example
displacement m east 3
velocity km/h south 70
force N upward 13
acceleration m/s2 at 180o 9.8
Electric field N/C at 30o 120
weight N downward 125
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momentum kg.m.s-1 at 90o 20
 Scalars
Scalars Properties
Properties
 Example (1.2): a car traveled 20 km,
stopped for a while and then resumed its
movement to traveled 30 km. what is the
total distance the car traveled?.

30 km
20 km

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 Scalars
Scalars Properties
Properties
 Solution (1.2): if we denote d1, d2 to be
the first and the second distances
respectively, and d the total distance, then;

d  d1  d 2  20  30  50 km

30 km
20 km
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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties

 Vectors denoted by A or sometimes by bold
italic letter like A.
 Vectors can be represented geometrically by
drawing an arrow with appropriate length
and direction.
 Vectors on the other hand have the following
properties.
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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
 Vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude
and direction. Example if A and B are two vectors
then |A| = |B|, where | | denotes the absolute value.
 Vectors must have the same units in order to be
added or subtracted.
 Subtraction of a vector is defined by adding a
negative vector:

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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
   
A B  A  B   )1.1(

 Multiplication or division of a vector by a scalar

results in a vector for which.
 Only the magnitude changes if the scalar is positive.
Example if a is a positive scalar and A is a vectors
then;

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aA   a A
 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
 The projections of a vector along the axes of a rectangular
co-ordinate system are called the components of the
vector.
 The components of a vector completely define the vector.
 Let Ax is the x-component of the vector, which is lying on
the x-axis.
 Let Ay is the y-component of the vector, which is lying on
the y-axis.
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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
y

Ay


x
Ax
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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
y

Ay
A


x
Ax
Ax
cos    Ax  A cos  )1.2(
A
Ay
sin    Ay  A sin  )1.3(
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A
 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
Note that we can invert these equations to find A and  as
functions of Ax and Ay. By Pythagoras we have;
y

Ay A Ay


x
Ax

A A A2
x
2
y )1.4(
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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
Note that we can invert these equations to find A and  as
functions of Ax and Ay. By Pythagoras we have;
y

Ay A Ay


x
Ax

Ay 1
Ay
tan     tan )1.5(
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Ax Ax
 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
 Example (1.3): A shopping cart bushed by
43N with an angle of 20o below the horizon, as
shown in figure. What are the values and the
directions of the force components?

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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
Fx
x


Fy F

Fx  F cos   43 cos 20  40.407 N

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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
Fx
x


Fy F

F y  F sin   43 sin 20  14.706 N

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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
 Example (1.4): Find the magnitude and the
direction of the resultant of the three vectors
shown in figure. A=5, y1=30o, B=7, 2=80o, C=6,
3=130o. B

C
3 2
A

28 x
1
 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
y
By
B
Cy
C

x
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Cx Ay Bx Ax
 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
y

A
Ay
1
x
Ax
Ax  A cos 1  5  cos 30  4.33 units
Ay  A sin 1  5  sin 30  2.5 units
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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
y
By B

2
x
Bx
Bx  B cos  2  7  cos 80  1.216 units
B y  B sin  2  7  sin 80  6.894 units
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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
y

Cy
C
3
x Note the minus sign
Cx

C x  C cos  3  6  cos130  3.857 units

C y  C sin  3  6  sin 130  4.596 units
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 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
Dx  Ax  Bx  C x  4.33  1.216  3.857
Dx  1.689 units to the East y

D y  Ay  B y  C y  2.5  6.894  4.596 By

D y  13.99 units to the North
Cy

Ay
x
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Cx Bx Ax
 Vectors
Vectors Properties
Properties
D  Dx2  D y2  1.689 2  13.99 2  14.092 units

Dy y
tan  
Dx
Dy
Dy
  tan 1
D
Dx
13.99
  tan 1
 83.116 o
1.689  x
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Dx