Tugas 02 - P - C - Chapter 5

Rangkuman Text Book (Tugas 2) untuk Mata Kuliah Pelat & Cangkang
Chapter 5
Structural Analysis with the Finite Element Method
Linear Static
Vol.2 – Beam, Plates and Shells
1
LIST URUTAN & DAFTAR KELAS (PELAT & CANGKANG 2021) :
No. Nama NPM Dari Hal - Sampai Hal
1 Erriman Manru 2006545673 233 - 235
2 Syaiful Rachman 2006546303 236 - 238
3 Daniel Alvin Giovanni S. 2006545591 239 - 241
4 Arthur Reginald 1706035870 242 - 244
5 Bias January Parmadi 2006545572 245 - 247
6 Alfetra Henoch Tandita 1706036021 248 - 250
7 Agus Mudo Prasetyo 2006545414 251 - 253
8 Sarah Fatihah Nugroho 2006546253 254 - 356
9 Asri Puspita Sari Sidabutar 2006545534 257 - 259
10 Annisa Ayu Wulandari 2006545515 260 - 262
11 Ryan Sulistian 1706070330 263 - 265
12 Nur Hafidz Hidayat 2006493650 266 - 268
13 Imam nakhrowi 2006545925 269 - 271
14 Vania Callista 1706035984 272 - 274
15 Imam taufik rahmadi 2006545931 275 - 277
16 Vivin Novi Adryana 2006546373 278 - 280
17 Madelestin 1706020515 281 - 283
18 Ida Royana Tambunan 2006545912 284 - 286
19 Susilo widyatmoko 2006493871 287 - 290
2
CHAPTER 5
THIN PLATES
KIRCHHOFF THEORY
3
5.1 INTRODUCTION
 The classic thin plate theory establishes that the normal remains straight and orthogonal to
the middle plane after deformation
 Thin plate theory is based on the assumptions formalized by Kirchhoff in 1850 [Ki] and indeed his
name is often associated with this theory, through an early version was proposed by Sophie Germain
in 1811 [BD7,Re3,TW]
 Like for Euler-Bernouilli beam elements, Kirchhoff plate elements require C1 continuity of the
deflection field due to the presence of second derivatives of the deflection in the virtual work
expression.
 Unlike beam elements, Kirchhoff plate elements have serious difficulties for satisfying the continuity
requirements between elements
 A part of this chapter studies rotation-free Kirchhoff plate elements with the deflection as the only
nodal variable. These elements are an extension of the rotation-free beam elements studied in Chapter
1 and are competitive for many practical applications
4
Hal 233-235 – Erriman Manru (2006545673)
5.2 KIRCHHOFF PLATE THEORY
5.2.1 MAIN ASSUMPTIONS
 A plate is defined as a flat solid whose
thickness is much smaller than its other
dimensions.We assume that the middle plane
is equidistant from the upper and lower faces
 A plate with homogeneous isotropic material
carries lateral loads by bending, like a
straight beam (Figure 5.1)
 Hence the axial straining is zero, the middle
plane coincides with the neutral plane and the
displacement field can be expressed in terms
of the lateral deflection and the rotations of
the normal (the so called bending state)
 If in-plane loading is present or the material is
heterogeneous, the axial strains are not zero
5
The assumptions of Kirchhoff thin plate theory are the following :
5.2.2 DISPLACMENT FIELD

From assumptions 1, 2, 4 and Figure 5.2, we deduce
6
Normal orthogonality condition
only holds for thin plates
(t/L < 0.05)
Normal orthogonality
Displacement vector
(5.3)
(5.4) (5.5) (5.6)
7
Hal 236-238 - Syaiful Rachman (2006546303)
5.2.3 Strain and stress fields and constitutive equation
3 significant strains
Normal orthogonality: εz = γxz = γyz = 0
8
• 2 bending stress/moment
• 1 shear stress/twisting moment
• Plane stress
assumption
• σz = γxz = γyz = 0
• Isotropic material
9
5.2.4 Bending moments and generalized constitutive matrix
substitute σ = Dε (5.11)
For homogeneous material
10
Hal 239-241 - Daniel Alvin Giovanni S. (2006545591)
5.2.4 Bending moments and generalized constitutive matrix
solve eq. (5.16a)
The angle that the principal direction I forms with the x axis is
obtained from
11
5.2.5 Principle of virtual work
Substitute eq. (5.8) & (5.13) to (5.17a)
Consequently, the plate can be treated as a 2D

solid.
12
5.2.5 Principle of virtual work
It is interesting to rewrite the expression of the virtual strain work of Eq.(5.18) as
Eq.(5.20) clearly shows that the virtual strain work can be obtained as the integral over the
plate area of the work performed by the bending moments over the corresponding virtual
curvatures.
The integrand of (5.20) contains second derivatives of the deflection. This requires the
continuity of the deflection and its first derivatives; i.e. C1 continuity requirement (Section
3.8.3 of [On4]).
13
5.2.6 Equilibrium equations
The equilibrium of external forces, bending moments and shear forces over a differential
element of a plate under distributed vertical forces fz only (i.e. mx = my = 0) (Figure 5.5) gives
Equilibrium of vertical forces
Dividing by the area differential (dxdy) gives
14
Simplifikasi dengan Penurunan persamaan 5.23 a dan b terhadap x dan y, dan mensubtitusikan penurunan
mengabaikan orde kedua gaya geser kedalam persamaan 5.21 b, akan menghasilkan:
Persamaan diferensial orde 4 yang berhubungan dengan defleksi akibat beban terbagi merata dan properti material pelat
15
Hal 242-244 - Arthur Reginald (1706035870)
The “exact” thickness distribution of the shear stresses

can be found
in terms of Qx and Qy from elasticity theory
Substitusi
[Ug,VK,TW].
Accepting a parabolic distribution for the tangential

stresses across the plate thickness, similarly as for
beams, gives the maximum value of the shear stresses
Menghasilkan persamaan gaya as
geser dalam defleksi
16
5.2.7 The Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions which have to be imposed on the problem are:
1. Fixed boundary where displacements at restrained points of the boundary
are given specified values. These conditions are expressed as
Here n and s are directions normal and tangential to the boundary line (Figures 5.6), and (¯·) denotes a prescribed value.
Note that in Kirchhoff thin plate theory the specification of w along s automatically prescribes
θs (as θs = ∂w/∂s ) but this is not the case for thick plates where w and θs are independently
prescribed.
2. Traction boundary where the resultant stresses Mn, Mns and Qn (Figure
5.6) are given prescribed values
The expressions for Mn, Mns and Qn can be obtained in terms of the bending moment and the
shear forces as:
where nx, ny are the components of the unit normal vector n = [nx, ny]T
pointing towards the exterior of the boundary edge (Figure 5.6).
17
5.2.7 The Boundary Conditions
Mn and Mns are the moments at the boundary edge induced by the normal stress σn and
the tangential stress τns at the edge obtained from
1. -
2. -
3. Mixed boundary conditions, where both traction and displacement
components can be specified. A typical case is the simply supported (SS)
edge
Here it is clear that w = 0 (and consequently θs = 0)

and Mn = 0.
18
19
Hal 245-247 - Bias January Parmadi (2006545572)
20
THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
21
22
23
FORMULATION OF THIN PLATE ELEMENTS
24
FORMULATION OF THIN PLATE ELEMENTS
25
RECTANGULAR THIN PLATE ELEMENTS
26
RECTANGULAR THIN PLATE ELEMENTS
27
28
Hal 248-250 - Alfetra Henoch Tandita (1706036021)
α = A-1 A [α1 ,α2 ,α3 , … ]T
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30
31
32
33
34
Hal 251-253 - Agus Mudo Prasetyo (2006545414)
35
36
Assumed  All the nodal
variables are zero with the
exception of θx3 = 1.
The slope ∂w/∂y is therefore discontinuous

along the common side.
MZC element is incompatible

(non-conforming)
37
Hal 254-256 - Sarah Fatihah Nugroho (2006546253)
The discontinuity in the slope orthogonal to a side Normal Rotation
The cross derivatives and take a

different value at the nodes
Depends
on
will take
different
values
38
• Impossible to guarantee the conformity of the MZC
thin plate rectangle simply by taking the deflection
and its first derivatives as nodal variables. But
doesn’t invalidate the element which satisfies the patch
test
• The patch test is not satisfied for arbitrary
quadrilateral shapes, because the constant curvature
criterion is violated. However, in these cases it is an
accurate element, as shown in the (example 5.2).
• Henshell et al. studied the performance of the MZC
thin plate element (and also some other plate
quadrilaterals of higher order) formulated in curvilinear
coordinates and concluded that reasonable accuracy
is obtained for arbitrary quadrilateral shapes.
39
40
41
Hal 257-259 - Asri Puspita Sari Sidabutar (2006545534)
42
Hal 257-259 - Asri Puspita Sari Sidabutar (2006545534)
43
Hal 260-262 - Annisa Ayu Wulandari (2006545515)
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45
46
Hal 263-265 - Ryan Sulistian (1706070330)
47
48
 The shape functions, given in fig 5.18 A simple proposal was due to Specht [Sp] who achieved
conformity by adding 4th degree terms to the cubic
expansion (5.54) as
The stiffness matrix for this element can be
found in [CKZ].
With,
49
Hal 266-268 - Nur Hafidz Hidayat (2006493650)
Morley 6 DOFs constant curvature
triangle
 The element uses a complete quadratic expansion of the deflection in
terms:  3 corner deflection values
 3 normal rotations at the mid-sides
 The Morley triangle has constant curvature and bending moment fields.
 The element stiffness can be explicitly obtained by,
With,
where,
is the lengh of side k

50
The constant bending moment field is given by,
with
The equivalent nodal force vector due to a uniformly distributed loading fz = q is
Nodal point loads are assumed to act at the corner nodes only. Full details on the derivation of the Morley triangle can be
found in [Wo].
The Morley triangle is so far the simplest Kirchho ff plate triangle involving deflections and rotations as variables. Its
simplicity is comparable to that of the constant strain triangle for plane elasticity problems. Despite its slow
convergence, the Morley triangle enjoys big popularity for analysis of plates and shells.
51
5.5.2 Conforming thin plate triangles
 Satisfying the conformity requirements in triangles is a challenging task
 The shape functions of Eq.(5.54) define a quadratic variation of the normal rotation along each side which can not be
uniquely described by the two end values.
 A solution to this problem is adding three additional mid-side variables which coincide with the normal rotation to
each side (Figure 5.20) [ZT]. This suffices to define a complete
 This suffices to define a complete cubic variation of ∂w/∂n along each side and conformity is thus satisfied.
52
53
Hal 269-271 - Imam Nakhrowi (2006545925)
54
Hal 269-271 - Imam Nakhrowi (2006545925)
5.6 CONFORMING THIN PLATE QUADRILATERALS OBTANINED FROM
TRIANGLES
• The triangular subdivision is very similar in

both cases
• A complete cubic expansion is used for the
deflection within each inner triangle
• All internal DOFs are eliminated after
assembly by simple static condensation
• The resulting conforming quadrilateral has
only 12 DOFs and is quite accurate
55
Hal 272-274 - Vania Callista (1706035984)
5.7 CONFORMING THIN PLATE ELEMENTS DERIVED FROM REISSNER-
MINDLIN FORMULATION
• The process consists in constraining the transverse shear strains to take a zero value
at a discrete number of points of the original Reissner-Mindlin element
• The "effective" shear energy is zero over the element
• These elements named DK (Discrete Kirchoff)
• They only require continuity for the displacement field and this guarantees
compatibility
56
5.8 ROTATION-FREE THIN PLATE TRIANGLES
1. Nay and Utku
2. Later Barnes
3. Hampshire et. Al.
4. Phaal and Calladine
57
5. Yang et. al.
6. Brunet and Sabourin
7. Rio et. Al.
8. Onate and Cervera
58
8. Onate and Zarate
9. Flores and Onate; Onate et. Al.
10. Savourin et. Al.; Flores and Estrada
59
5.8.1 FORMULATION OF ROTATION-FREE TRIANGLES BY A COMBINED FINITE ELEMENT AND FINITE
VOLUME METHOD
• Let us consider an arbitrary discretization of the plate into standard 3-noded triangles
• The curvature and the bending moments are described by constant fields within appropriate non-
overlapping control domains, covering the whole plate as
60
61
Hal 275-277 - Imam Taufik Rahmadi (2006545931)
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63
64
65
66
Hal 278-280 - Vivin Novi Adryana (2006546373)
67
Hal 278-280 - Vivin Novi Adryana (2006546373)
BOUNDARY FOR SIMPLY  •Rotation is zero at the boundary direction
SUPPORTED EDGE  •„missing element“ yang terpotong oleh boundary line -> free edge
68
Hal 281-283 - Madelestin (1706020515)
BOUNDARY FOR  •Solve nodal deflections at the global system
CLAMPED EDGE  •Zero rotations conditions at clamped edge
69
Hal 281-283 - Madelestin (1706020515)
70
Hal 281-283 - Madelestin (1706020515)
71
Hal 281-283 - Madelestin (1706020515)
72
Hal 281-283 - Madelestin (1706020515)
73
Hal 284-286 - Ida Royana Tambunan (2006545912)
74
Hal 284-286 - Ida Royana Tambunan (2006545912)
75
Hal 287-290 - Susilo widyatmoko (2006493871)
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TERIMA
KASIH
86

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Rangkuman Text Book (Tugas 2) untuk Mata Kuliah Pelat & Cangkang

5.2.2 DISPLACMENT FIELD

(5.4) (5.5) (5.6)

Normal orthogonality: εz = γxz = γyz = 0

For homogeneous material

solve eq. (5.16a)

Substitute eq. (5.8) & (5.13) to (5.17a)

Consequently, the plate can be treated as a 2D

Equilibrium of vertical forces

Dividing by the area differential (dxdy) gives

The “exact” thickness distribution of the shear stresses

Accepting a parabolic distribution for the tangential

Here it is clear that w = 0 (and consequently θs = 0)

The slope ∂w/∂y is therefore discontinuous

MZC element is incompatible

The cross derivatives and take a

is the lengh of side k

The equivalent nodal force vector due to a uniformly distributed loading fz = q is

• The triangular subdivision is very similar in

3. Hampshire et. Al.

4. Phaal and Calladine

6. Brunet and Sabourin

7. Rio et. Al.

8. Onate and Cervera

9. Flores and Onate; Onate et. Al.

10. Savourin et. Al.; Flores and Estrada

CLAMPED EDGE  •Zero rotations conditions at clamped edge

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