TERRORISM

Prepared by: John Mark J. Domingo

 What is terrorism?
Definitions of terrorism are usually complex and
controversial, and, because of the inherent ferocity
and violence of terrorism, the term in its popular
usage has developed an intense stigma. It was first
coined in the 1790s to refer to the terror used during
the French Revolution by the revolutionaries against
their opponents. The Jacobin party of
Maximilien Robespierre carried out a Reign of Terror
involving mass executions by the guillotine.
Although terrorism in this usage implies an act of
violence by a state against its domestic enemies,
since the
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According to Oxford languages – it is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against
civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

According to Section 4 of the R.A. 114791 - terrorism is committed by any person who, within or outside the
Philippines, regardless of the stage of execution:

(a) Engages in acts intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to any person, or endangers a person's life;
(b) Engages in acts intended to cause extensive damage or destruction to a government or public facility, public
place or private property
(c) Engages in acts intended to cause extensive interference with damage or destruction to critical infrastructure
(d) Develops, manufactures, possesses, acquires transports supplies or was weapons, explosives or of
biological nuclear radiological or chemical weapons, and
(e) Release of dangerous substances, or causing fire floods, or explosions.
 History of terrorism
● Terror has been practiced by state and nonstate actors
throughout history and throughout the world. The ancient
Greek historian Xenophon (c. 431–c. 350 BCE) wrote of the
effectiveness of psychological warfare against enemy
populations. Roman emperors such as Tiberius (reigned 14–
37 CE) and Caligula (reigned 37–41 CE) used banishment,
expropriation of property, and execution as means to
discourage opposition to their rule.
The most commonly cited example of early terror, however, is the activity of the
Jewish Zealots, often known as the Sicarii (Hebrew: “Daggers”), who engaged in
frequent violent attacks on fellow Hebrews suspected of collusion with the Roman
authorities. Likewise, the use of terror was openly advocated by Robespierre during
the French Revolution, and the Spanish Inquisition used arbitrary arrest, torture, and
execution to punish what it viewed as religious heresy. After the
American Civil War (1861–65), defiant Southerners formed the Ku Klux Klan to
intimidate supporters of Reconstruction (1865–77) and the newly freed former
slaves. In the latter half of the 19th century, terror was adopted in western Europe,
Russia, and the United States by adherents of anarchism, who believed that the best
way to effect revolutionary political and social change was to assassinate persons in
positions of power. From 1865 to 1905 a number of kings, presidents, prime
ministers, and other government officials were killed by anarchists’ guns or bombs.
The 20th century witnessed great changes in the use and practice of terror. It
became the hallmark of a number of political movements stretching from the
extreme right to the extreme left of the political spectrum. Technological
advances, such as automatic weapons and compact, electrically detonated
explosives, gave terrorists a new mobility and lethality, and the growth of
air travel provided new methods and opportunities. Terrorism was virtually an
official policy in totalitarian states such as those of Nazi Germany under
Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Stalin. In these states arrest,
imprisonment, torture, and execution were carried out without legal guidance
or restraints to create a climate of fear and to encourage adherence to the
national ideology and the declared economic, social, and political goals of the
state.
Terrorism appears to be an enduring feature of political life. Even prior
to the September 11 attacks, there was widespread concern that
terrorists might escalate their destructive power to vastly greater
proportions by using weapons of mass destruction—including
nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons—as did the Japanese
doomsday cult AUM Shinrikyo, which released nerve gas into a
Tokyo subway in 1995. These fears were intensified after
September 11, when a number of letters contaminated with anthrax
were delivered to political leaders and journalists in the United
States, leading to several deaths. U.S. Pres. George W. Bush made a
broad “war against terrorism” the centrepiece of U.S. foreign policy
at the beginning of the 21st century.
 TYPES OF TERRORISM
REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM - is
arguably the most common form. Practitioners of
this type of terrorism seek the complete abolition
of a political system and its replacement with
new structures. Modern instances of such activity
include campaigns by the Italian Red Brigades,
the German Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof
Gang), the Basque separatist group ETA, the
Peruvian Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), and
ISIL (the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant;
also known as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria
[ISIS]).
SUBREVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM - is rather less
common. It is used not to overthrow an existing regime but to
modify the existing sociopolitical structure. Since this
modification is often accomplished through the threat of
deposing the existing regime, subrevolutionary groups are
somewhat more difficult to identify. An example can be seen
in the ANC and its campaign to end apartheid in South Africa.
ESTABLISHMENT TERRORISM – it is often called state or state-
sponsored terrorism, is employed by governments—or more often by
factions within governments—against that government’s citizens, against
factions within the government, or against foreign governments or groups.
This type of terrorism is very common but difficult to identify, mainly
because the state’s support is always clandestine. The Soviet Union and its
allies allegedly engaged in widespread support of international terrorism
during the Cold War; in the 1980s the United States supported rebel groups
in Africa that allegedly engaged in acts of terrorism, such as UNITA (the
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola); and various
Muslim countries (e.g., Iran and Syria) purportedly provided logistical and
financial aid to Islamic revolutionary groups engaged in campaigns
against Israel, the United States, and some Muslim countries in the late
20th and early 21st centuries.
Terrorism in the Philippine
Setting
 Brief History of CPP-NPA-NDF
●The very first Communist Party of the Philippines was founded
by Crisanto Evangelista and other labor leaders on November 7,
1930 in Manila.
●On March 29, 1942, the CPP formed its armed wing against the
Japanese. It was then called the “Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon”
or popularly known as HUKBALAHAP.
●After the Japanese occupation, the CPP laid down arms and
adopted legal and parliamentary struggle.
●New generation of activist led by Jose Marie Sison founded the
Revolutionary Youth Organization “Kabataang Makabayan”,
whose founding members after four years re-establish the CPP and
adopts the ideological line of Marxism-Lenninism-Mao Zedong
Thought.
●March 29, 1969, barely three months after the CPP’s re-
establishment, Jose Marie Sison together with Bernabe Buscayno
founded the New Peoples Army (NPA).
 COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE
PHILIPPINES

 Policy making body

 Issues directives and memorandum
 Maintains ideological leadership over
the NDF
 Maintains absolute leadership over
the NPA
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NEW PEOPLE’S ARMY

 Cutting edge of the revolution

 Primary force of the movement
 Initiate revolutionary movements

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NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC
FRONT
 Sheild of the revolution
 Umbrella organization of all national
democratic underground mass
organizations
 Conducts political offensives
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What drives the people to
commit terrorism?
 WHAT IS COMMUNISM?
IDEOLOGY – Communism
Communism is a political ideology
and type of government in which the
state owns the major resources in a
society, including property, means of
production, education, agriculture and
transportation. Basically, communism
proposes a society in which everyone
shares the benefits of labor equally
and eliminates the class system
through redistribution of on income.
 LIST OF
INTERNATIONAL
TERRORIST ATTACKS
1. In the Beginning: The People’s Will
On March 1, 1881, members of the Russian Revolutionary organization
“The People’s Will” assassinated Tsar Alexander II of Russia in the
city of Saint Petersburg. While there had been opposition to
Alexander’s autocratic rule, his reign had been characterized by steps
toward the reform and modernization of Russia’s state and economy.

2. Irgun: Zionist terrorism

On July 22, 1946, members of the Zionist terrorist organization Irgun,
fighting to drive the British government out of Palestine in order to
establish a Jewish state there, detonated a bomb in the basement of
the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.
3. The Munich Olympics, 1972
Prior to the 9/11 attacks, the most notorious instance of international terrorism
was the abduction and murder of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972
Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Early on the morning of
September 5 eight members of the Palestinian terrorist group Black
September attacked the dormitory housing the Israeli athletic team. The
terrorists killed two athletes and took nine more hostage.

4. The Red Brigades

Members of Italy’s Red Brigades, a radical left-wing terrorist movement,
kidnapped former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro on March 17, 1978.
After nearly two tense months the terrorists murdered Moro and dumped
his body in Rome on May 9.
5. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad and President Anwar Sadat
On October 6, 1981, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt was assassinated by members of
Egyptian Islamic Jihad, a terrorist group that had split off of the mainstream
Muslim Brotherhood many years earlier. The killers sprayed Sadat’s entourage with
automatic fire as he reviewed Egyptian troops on the anniversary of Egypt’s 1973
war with Israel. Eleven people were killed along with Sadat, including the
Coptic Bishop of Egypt and the Cuban ambassador.
6. The U.S. Marine Barracks in Lebanon
The brutal effectiveness of suicide bombing as a tool for terrorist groups was powerfully
demonstrated to the world on the morning of October 23, 1983. At approximately
6:45 am a Mercedes truck slammed into the lobby of the building being used as a
barracks by U.S. Marines deployed to Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. A Marine
guard observed that the driver of the truck was smiling as he carried out his deadly
mission. The truck held approximately six tons TNT equivalent of explosives; when
the driver detonated his payload it leveled the entire building, killing 241 U.S.
military personnel. Twenty seconds later a second suicide bomber destroyed the
building occupied by French paratroopers five miles to the north. 68 French troops
were killed.
7. The Assassination of Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi, fourth Prime Minister of India, was assassinated by two of her
bodyguards on October 31, 1984. The two guards, one of whom Mrs.
Gandhi had known for ten years, were Sikhs, a religious minority in India
concentrated in the province of Punjab on the India-Pakistani border.

8. 9/11
19 terrorists from Osama bin Laden’s al Qaeda organization attacked the
United States on September 11, 2001 and successfully carried out the
bloodiest and most consequential terrorist act in history. They hijacked
four airliners, two of which were crashed into the twin towers of the World
Trade Center, destroying the buildings completely. A third airliner was
flown into the Pentagon and a fourth crashed into a field after its passengers
bravely fought back against the hijackers. More than 3,000 people were
killed.
9. Mumbai and the Lashkar e-Taiba Attack
Two teams of five terrorists each from the radical Islamist group
Lashkar e-Taiba (LET) attacked the Indian city of Mumbai with a
coordinated series of shootings and bombings that took place over
four days, from November 26 to November 29, 2008. The used
grenades and assault rifles to strike at a train station as well as a café,
two hotels, and a Jewish community center.

10. Mosul, 2014, and ISIS

In early June, 2014, hundreds of members of ISIS, the resurgent
successor to al Qaeda’s Iraqi franchise, defeated the Iraqi army and
took control of the city of Mosul, second largest city in Iraq. The
assault was the culmination of a carefully planned strategy that had
been in place for over two years.
GENERAL LIST OF NPA ATTACKS
GENERAL LIST OF NPA ASSASSINATIONS
 16 UNDERGROUND
ORGANIZATIONS OF CPP-NPA-
NDF DECLARED TERRORIST
GROUP
The ATC designated the following 16
UGOs of the CPP-NPA-NDFP a.k.a.
NDFP:
1. Revolutionary Council of the Trade Unions (RCTU);
2. Katipunan ng mga Samahang Manggagawa (KASAMA) or Federation of Labor Organizations;
3. Pambansang Katipunan ng mga Magbubukid (PKM) or National Associaton of Peasants;
4. Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan (MAKIBAKA) or Patriotic Movement of New Women;
5. Kabataang Makabayan (KM) or Patriotic Youth;6. Katipunan ng Gurong Makabayan (KAGUMA)
or Association of Patriotic Teachers;
7. Makabayang Samahang Pangkalusugan (MASAPA) or Patriotic Health Association;
8. Liga ng Agham para sa Bayan (LAB) or League of Scientists for the People;
9. Lupon ng mga Manananggol para sa Bayan (LUMABAN) or Committee of Lawyers for the
People;
10. Artista at Manunulat ng Sambayanan (ARMAS) or Artists and Writers for the People;
11. Makabayang Kawaning Pilipino (MKP) or Patriotic Government Employees;
12. Revolutionary Organization of Overseas Filipinos and their Families (COMPATRIOTS);
13. Christians for National Liberation (CNL);
14. Cordillera People’s Democratic Front (CPDF);
15. Moro Resistance Liberation Organization (MRLO); and
16. Revolutionary Organization of Lumads (ROL)Moreover, the designation places the financial
assets and properties of the 16 UGOs subject to the authority of the Anti-Money Laundering Council
(AMLC) to investigate and freeze the same pursuant to Section 11 of RA 10168 or the Terrorism
Financing Prevention and Suppression Act of 2012 (TFPSA).
 CONCLUSION:
Without a doubt, terrorism exists in our society. However,
instead of normalizing it in our thinking, we should use it to
create things that would restrict it. I think the law already
gives us more than enough of what we require to suppress it.
The government is acting appropriately by neutralizing it.
But because public knowledge is low, we fall short in
avoiding it. Therefore, to stop it, the government should
devise a strategy to successfully increase awareness,
because terrorists can only recruit the uninformed.
REFERENCES:
https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2020/07/03/republic-act-no-11479/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism/Types-of-terrorism
https://www.slideshare.net/xoxosuck/the-cppnpandf
https://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/top-ten-origins-terrorist-attacks?la
nguage_content_entity=en

https://1id.army.ph/2022/02/25/16-underground-organizations-of-cpp-npa-nd
f-declared-terrorist-groups/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_CPP%E2%8
0%93NPA
THANK FOR LISTENING