Environmental Protection

WASTE REDUCTION
Presented by

WMSU Engr. Marlon C. Grande

April 24, 2023
Venue: CSWCD, WMSU

1
SOLID W ASTE
MANAGEMENT IN
THE PHILIPPINES

⚫ National
Solid W aste
Management Commission
 As of May
Section 16. Local Government Solid Waste 2019
Management Plans.
-- The province, city or municipality, through its local
solid waste management boards, shall prepare its 39.9 684 10yr.
respective 10-year solid waste management plans % SWM
consistent with the 19 National Solid Waste Management plans
Framework: Provided, That the waste management plan approved
shall be for the re-use, recycling and composting of wastes
generated in their respective jurisdictions: Provided,
further, That the solid waste management plan of the LGU
shall ensure the efficient management of solid waste
generated within its jurisdiction. The plan shall place
primary emphasis on implementation of all feasible reuse,
recycling, and composting programs while identifying the 912 for
amount of landfill and transformation capacity that will be evaluation
needed for solid waste which cannot be re- used, recycled, 53.2 and
or composted. The plan shall contain all the components pending
% approval
provided in Section 17 of this Act and a timetable for the
implementation of the solid waste management program in
accordance with the National Framework and pursuant to
the provisions of this Act: Provided, finally, That it shall
be reviewed and updated every year by the provincial, city
or municipal solid waste management board.

6.9% 119 no
submission

…..All local government solid waste management plans

shall be subjected to the approval of the Commission.
 • 40,087.45tons
The total volume (in tons) of solid waste that the
Philippines generates daily

• 77, 776 tons

The total volume (in tons) of solid waste that the
Philippines will generate by 2025

11 Statistics about Solid Waste Management in the Philippines Every

Filipino should Know
Solid wastes sources, 2013 , Philippine Solid Composition of municipal solid waste in the
Waste at a Glance Philippines, 2008-2013
• . Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household,
commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial
waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural
waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.

• .Garbage- refers to the wastes or rejected food constituents

which have been produced during the preparation, cooking or
storage of meat, fruit, vegetable and other food materials
Composition of wastes

• Biodegradable waste
• > these are any material that can be reduced into
finer particles by microbiological organisms or
enzymes
• Recyclable waste-
>any waste material that can be retrieved and re-
used as feeds, factory returnable, fuel, fermentables ,
fine crafts and filling materials.

• Non biodegradable- refers to non-compostable wastes

Sources of wastes

• Agricultural wastes – waste generated from planting or harvesting

of
crops, trimming or prawning of plants and wastes or run off
materials from farms or fields

• Domestic refuse- refuse from households

• General wastes – these are domestic type of waste and other

waste materials or substances that do not require special handling.

• Hazardous wastes- these are any wastes that is potentially

dangerous
to environment and health because of chemical, reactivity,
flammability and explosiveness.
 Sources of wastes
• Industrial
refuse- wastes results from industrial processes and
manufacturing operations (e.g. food processing wastes, metal scraps
and shavings)
• Infectiouswastes- includes cultures and stocks of infectious agents
from laboratory work, wastes from surgery, autopsies of pts.with
infectious diseases, wastes from infected patients
• Pharmaceutical waste– includes spoiled, banned, expired,
contaminated or used pharmaceutical products, drugs and chemicals

• Pathologicalwaste- includes tissues, organs or body parts from surgical

operations, biopsy, and autopsy, aborted fetuses, blood and body fluids
Sources of wastes

• “Healthcare waste” (HCW) includes all the solid and liquid

waste generated as a result of any of the following:

Diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human

beings; Research pertaining to the above activities;
Research using laboratory animals for the improvement of human
health; Production or testing of biological products; and
Other activities performed by an HCF defined as an institution that has
health care as its core service, function, or business.

Health Care Waste Management Manual, 2020

• Poor solid waste management will result in an unpleasant and often
unsafe environment to live or work in.
• In urban areas refuse often ends up in drainage systems, creating
drainage problems
• Organic waste from households, restaurants, and markets attracts rats, which are
potential hosts for many infections (e.g. leptospirosis, plague).
• Organic waste also serves as food and a place to rest and hide for domestic flies,
which can transmit fecal-oral infections and infections spread by direct contact,
and cockroaches, which can transmit fecal-oral infections.
• Refuse often includes materials which can collect rainwater, such as tin cans, jars,
and old car tires.
• Aedes mosquitoes, which transmit filariasis, urban yellow fever,
dengue fever, and several other arboviral infections, can breed in these small
water-filled vessels.
•
WASTE MANAGEMENT
activities and actions required to manage waste from
its inception to its final disposal. This includes
the collection, transport, treatment and disposal
of waste, together with monitoring and
regulation of
the waste management process.”
-https://earthandhuman.org/reduce-reuse-recycle/
Republic Act No. 9003 otherwise known as the
“Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000
• enacted on January 26, 2001
• aims to address the growing problem on solid wastes in
the country.
• It provides the legal framework for the country’s
systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste
management program that shall ensure protection of
public health and the environment
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
-refers to systematic administration of activities which provide
for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage,
transfer, processing, treatment, disposal of solid waste and all
other waster management activities which to not harm the
environment

-Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
-refers to the discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,
processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in
accord with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental
considerations and that is also responsive to public attitudes

(RA 9003, Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000)
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• -an integrated system, approach or process

on the generation, segregation, storage,
collection, transport, processing, recycling,
recovery, and final disposal/containment of
solid waste
( P.D. 856 Refuse Disposal)
Solid Waste Management
Current Solid Waste Management
•> Under RA 9003, the LGUs are
responsible for the collection, transport
and disposal of solid wastes.

collection, transport and disposal of solid wastes are the

responsibilities of the local government units (LGUs).

At present,most LGUs administer their own collection systems or

contract out this service to private contractors.
3 Rs of Solid Waste Management

• An approach to minimize resource consumption (reduce), use goods

and materials until it can’t be repaired or fixed to perform its function
(reuse), and reprocess the materials that being discarded into new
products (recycle).
• An approach that increasing resource efficiency, and contributing to
sustainable consumption and production, and millennium
development goals, etc.
• An approach to minimise waste to final disposal site
• Janya Sang-Arun, 2012
a) AVOIDANCE
• Avoid disposable goods such as throwaway razors, pens, diapers, etc
• Avoid products that are made from non-renewable resources
b) REDUCE
• Reduce the amount of unnecessary packaging.
• Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity
c) REUSE
• Consider reusable products.
• Maintain and repair durable products.
• Reuse bags, containers, and other items.
• Borrow, rent, or share items used infrequently.
• Sell or donate goods instead of throwing them out.
d) RECYCLE
• Choose recyclable products and containers and recycle them.
• Select products made from recyclable materials. * Compost yard trimmings,
food scraps and other biodegradable wastes. * Do not burn
How the 3Rs contribute to
sustainable solid waste
management?
• The 3Rs can contribute to reducing
waste for collection and transport
to final disposal site.

• Lifecycle environmental impacts

from the 3Rs is much lower than
landfill of unsorted waste.
 SEGREGATION OF WASTES
Minimum standards and requirements for
segregation and storage of solid waste
pending collection:

(a) There shall be a separate container for

each type of waste from all sources

(b)The solid waste container depending on

its use shall be properly marked or
identified for on-site collection as
"compostable", "non-recyclable",
"recyclable" or "special waste", or any other
classification
 WASTE FOR RICE. Some plastic bottles
filled with shredded plastic waste ready for
barter with rice and canned goods in
Tarangnan, Samar in this undated photo.
Town residents are entitled to two
kilograms of rice and some canned goods
for every kilo of shredded plastic waste
inside a 1.5 liter of plastic bottle. (Photo
courtesy of Tarangnan local government)
- Philippine News Agency, 2021
COLLECTION of WASTES
• Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source
or from a communal storage point

(a)All collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of solid
waste shall be equipped with personal protective equipment to protect them
from the hazards of handling wastes;
• (b) Necessary training shall be given to the collectors and personnel to
ensure that the solid wastes are handled properly and in accordance with the
guidelines pursuant to this Act; and
• (c) Collection of solid waste shall be done in a manner which prevents
damage to the container and spillage or scattering of solid waste within
the collection vicinity
• (d)The barangay shall be responsible for ensuring that a 100% collection
efficiency from residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural
sources, where necessary within its area of coverage, is achieved.
 TRANSFER of WASTES
• use of separate collection
schedules and/or separate trucks or
haulers shall be required for
specific types of wastes.
Otherwise, vehicles used for the
collection and transport of solid
wastes shall have the appropriate
compartments to facilitate efficient
storing of sorted wastes while in
transit.
MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILTY
• Thereshall be established a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
in every barangay or cluster of barangays

Materials recovery facility - includes a solid waste transfer station or sorting

station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility;
•

• The MRF shall receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation,
composting, and recycling. The resulting residual wastes shall be
transferred to a long term storage or disposal facility or
sanitary landfill.

• Materials recovery facilities shall be designed to receive, sort,

process
and store compostable and recyclable material efficiently and in
an environmentally sound manner.
COMPOSTING
• Composting shall refer to the controlled decomposition of
organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi,
into a humus-like product; RA 9003
•A process of biological degradation under controlled condition

• Aerobiccomposting-decomposition of organic matter in the

presence of oxygen with a range temperature beyond 60
degrees Celsius for a certain length of time

• Anaerobiccompositing –decomposition of organic matter in

the absence of oxygen
Landfill
• Today’s landfills are very different from the old ones
where people just dumped their garbage in an open
area.
• Landfills are constructed and operated to strict
environmental standards, including liners to protect
groundwater.
• Within this hierarchy, landfilling waste is the lowest
priority of the solid waste management options.
https://www.dumpsters.com/
DISPOSAL of WASTES

• Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for Solid Waste

• No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor any practice or
disposal of solid waste by any person, including LGUs, which constitutes
the use of open dumps for solid wastes, be allowed after the effectivity of
this Acts:

• Provided, That within three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act, every
LGU shall convert its open dumps into controlled dumps, in accordance
with the guidelines set in Sec. 41 of this Act:

• Provided, further, That no controlled dumps shall be allowed five (5)

years following the effectivity of this Act.
DISPOSAL of WASTES

• Burying
• Shall be only for temporary control such as in househods/ camps
• Only biodegradable solid wastes shall be allowed to be buried
• May be practiced provided that refuse deposited in the pit shall not be
less than 1 meter deep covered with soil to prevent excavation of refuse

• Hog feeding/ feeding to animals

• Allowed only if the food is thoroughly cooked
• No leftover shall be shipped form one town to another for hog feeding
unless first cooked at 100 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes
DISPOSAL of WASTES
• Open dump shall refer to a disposal area wherein the solid wastes
are indiscriminately thrown or disposed of without due planning
and consideration for environmental and Health standards

• Controlled dump shall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is

deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of
site operation;

• Sanitary landfill shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed,

operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over
significant potential environment impacts arising from the development
and operation of the facility
REQS for SANITARY DISPOSAL
AREAS
• No DISPOSAL AREA shall be allowed without an operating permit

• The entire disposal area shall be adequate to hold all refuse accepted for
the entire period of time during which it is proposed to operate

• There shall be no dwelling unit closer than 200 meter to any portion of the
premises designated as landfill
• No person shall be permitted to occupy the premises designated as a
disposal area
CATEGORIES OF SANITARY LANDFILLS
>The category of SLF shall be based upon the determination of net residual waste, given
the potential waste generation by LGU, less waste diverted through composting,
recycling, and other recovery methods.
CATEGORY 1: LGU generates a net residual waste of less than or equal to 15
tons per day. If clustered with another LGU
CATEGORY 2: LGU generates a net residual waste of greater than 15 TPD but less
than or equal to 75 TPD
CATEGORY 3: LGU generates a net residual waste of greater than 75 TPD but less
than or equal to 200 TPD
CATEGORY 4 LGU generates net residual waste of greater that 200 TPD
CRITERIA for SITING A SLF
• The site must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;
• The site should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that
is easily handled and compacted
• The site chosen should facilitate developing a landfill that will satisfy
budgetary constraints, including site development, operation for many
years, closure, post-closure care and possible remediation costs
• The site should be large enough to accommodate the community's wastes
for a period of five (5) years during which people must internalize the value
of environmentally sound and sustainable solid waste disposal;
• The site must be located in an area where the landfill's operation will
not detrimentally affect environmentally sensitive resources such as
aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area;
• “We now have about 186 sanitary
landfills servicing about 407 local
government units (LGUs),” Salazar said,
adding that the number represents
only 25 percent of the total number of
LGUs that need sanitary landfills.

• At present, some 331 illegal dumps are in

operation despite several closures

• The Manila Times, February

2021
What’s Wrong With Landfills?
• Largest human source of global
warming
• Can pollute groundwater
• Attracts rodents
• Creates dust and noise
pollution
• Wastes materials that could
be reused
WASTE HIERARCHY
47
Reduce / Waste Minimization
• The best way to deal with trash is to not have any!
• Reducing the amount of trash you have to throw out actually
prevents waste from piling up in the first place.
• To reduce your waste, avoid unnecessary packaging and items
designed to be used only once.
– Reduce the need for ’single use’ plastic bags by bringing your
own bags when you shop, and use a travel mug when you buy
coffee.
– Choose durable, reusable products to make less trash.
Recycle
• Every day we use products made from recycled
materials.
• Take your glass, cans, newspapers, milk jugs and other
acceptable recyclable items to your local transfer station,
drop off location or place out for curbside collection so
that they can be turned into new products like fleece
jackets,
• Frisbees, paper products, and soda cans. Recycling
saves money, energy, and the environment.
• 36.76% of Maine's municipal solid waste was recycled in
2015.
Compost
• Composting is nature's way of recycling organics.
• When you compost, you convert vegetable scraps,
leaves, grass clippings and other materials into a nutrient
rich soil material.
• You can use finished compost in your garden and around
shrubs or other plants to help them grow.
• Composting also reduces the amount of materials that
need to be disposed of, reducing those related costs.
Processing and Beneficial Use
• Processing reduces the volume of materials to
be landfilled and can create products such as
fuel oils and steam for electricity generation.
• Beneficial use means the reuse of solid waste as
a substitute for raw material in manufacturing, as
construction material or fill, as a fuel, or as an
agronomic soil amendment.
EFFORTS O N W ASTE
TO ENERGY
(WTE)
Resolution No. 669, series of 2016

Adopting the guidelines governing the establishment and operation of waste

to energy technologies for municipal solid waste.
DEPARTMENT ADM INISTRATIVE
ORDER O N WASTE TO
ENERGY
GUIDELINE
(A draft on DENR Administrative O rder
on W TE is now being routed to the
different
Divisions of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources
now on Version no.44)
 Physical efforts on WTE
⚫ Existence of small scale bio-mass energy
recovery facility;
⚫ Bigger scales also exist in the provinces of
Bulacan, Cebu City (bio-methane for
power) Pampanga and one under
construction in Dagupan City (15 tons/day)
but only Biodegradable wastes are being
processed.
⚫ Collection: Mixed wastes
CHALLENGES:
⚫ Collection and delivery of biodegradable wastes to
processing facilities
⚫ Institutionalization of a technically acceptable and
environmentally sound Food W aste
Management systems in hotels and food
establishments.
⚫ Future plans for a bigger scale WTE facility
⚫ The policy on segregation of waste at source
and segregated collection.
⚫ Decontamination of residuals
Waste-To-Energy
• Waste-to-Energy facilities accept our solid waste and combust
it at very high temperatures, producing heat that is used to
convert water into steam. The steam is used to run turbines
that generate electricity.
• Scrubbers, filters, and other pollution control equipment
reduce pollutants released during the incineration process. Ash
and other residues from this process are landfilled.
Waste-to Energy
Waste Reduction
What is valuable about
waste reduction?

Waste reduction
Reduce
Landfill Reuse
Recycle
Reimagine
A culture of waste reduction: 2020

• Physically: Look around you: It is clear that recycling and waste reduction is
valued.
• Socially: You hear conversations about recycling and waste reduction. You
have them. People can identify opportunities and act on them. In your
department, there is a local waste diversion expert, though everybody knows the
basics.

Can you think of another initiative on campus that holds this

stature?
Recycling Optimization Projects

Enhance consistency, aesthetic, safety, and leanness

Begin with building walk-through
1. Public infrastructure
2. Classroom bins
3. Offices
4. Occupant roles
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle

• Objectives
– Learn why waste reduction and recycling is
important
– Determine methods to reduce, recycle and
reuse items
Why Reduce Waste?
• Less waste saves resources and money,
reduces pollution, and helps the earth.
• Changing your habits is the key — think
about ways you can reduce waste when
you shop, work, and play
Ways to Reduce Waste
Use glass instead of
paper or Styrofoam
cups

Buy in bulk and

store in used
jars and bottles Use both sides of
paper
Why Reuse Things?

• Conserves resources
• Reduces our waste stream
• Saves or delays purchasing and disposal costs
• Causes less pollution than recycling or making
new products from virgin materials
• Makes needed items available to those who
can’t afford to buy them
 How Do I Reuse?

• Pack lunch in reusable containers instead of plastic bags

• Use rechargeable batteries
• Look for products in reusable packaging when you shop
• Donate unwanted clothing, furniture, books, toys to
charities
• Repair things instead of replacing them
• Use glass or plastic containers several times before
recycling or disposing of them
• Reuse envelopes
 Methods of Reusing Materials
Make craft projects
with discarded
items

Wash and reuse

containers
What is Recycling?
 Recycling involves:
– Separating materials
– Collecting them
– Processing the materials
– Remanufacturing those materials into new products
– Buying those new products
– Using those new products
Why Recycle?

• Saves energy
• Conserves resources
• Reduces pollution
• Cuts waste disposal costs
• Saves valuable raw materials
• Reduces trash in landfills
 Methods of Recycling
Send items to a
recycling center

Add organic waste to

a compost pile or
worm bin
 Undesirable output
Energy

Product

Process
Air emissions
Input
Effluent discharge
Undesirable
output

Solid waste
 Waste can be ...
Good
house-
keeping
Services
instead
Change
of products
I. technology

Avoided &
Change
raw
reduced
material
Change
Change product
process
Correct
II. segrega-
Recycled III. tion
Within
the process Externally Disposed of
Energetically Detoxi-
Inside
fication
the
Reduction Stabilization
company
of volume
 Waste management …
is more than simply arranging containers
in the company!

 Legal compliance with relevant waste regulations

 Setting up company-specific waste logistics
 Information/motivation
 Continuous controlling

Source: PREPARE Toolkit

 Why do companies optimize their
waste management?
 Legal compliance  Implementation of waste
 Risk minimization minimization measures
 Disposal security  Cost reduction
 Positive image  EMAS, ISO 14001
 Motivation
Methodology – waste
management
• Check legal compliance with the applicable
waste regulations – corrective action
• Determine waste streams according to type
of waste, waste volumes and costs
• Identify weak points of waste logistics
• Determine minimization and cost reduction
potentials
• Define, implement and monitor measures
Setting up in-company
waste logistics

• Involving employees at the • Redesign of waste

workplace collection points
• Information on correct waste • Involvement of the
segregation (segregation cleaning personnel
guidelines!) • Motivation of all persons
• Customized container systems involved
 Important success factors for well
functioning waste logistics
Waste manager Environmental
responsible

In
fo
ion

Mo

rm
at

ion

tiv

at
m

ion
Waste

at
r

at
fo

ion
tiv
In

Mo

logistics
Management Cleaning
Employees personnel
Motivation

Information

Source: PREPARE Toolkit

Checklist for legal compliance
 When do we talk about waste?
 Which types of waste arise in the
company?
 Which relevant waste obligations
do I have to comply with?
 How do I fulfil these obligations?
 Which corrective actions are
necessary?
Examples of waste-relevant duties

 Appoint waste manager

 Documentation (non-hazardous
waste)
 Notification (hazardous waste, used
oil)
 Special documentation on disposal
(hazardous waste, used oil)
 Allocation of various duties of waste
segregation
 Why do organization optimize their
waste management?
 Transparency of waste volumes and costs of the
waste streams
 Targeted minimization and recycling measures
 Correct waste segregation – disposal security
 Reduction of residual waste – cost reduction
 Waste management as part of environmental
management
 EMAS, ISO 14001
 Positive company image
 Motivation of employees
 Contribution of the disposal company

 Information material on waste separation

 Labelling/colour system for containers and
waste collection points
 Information on adapted container systems
 Waste collection intervals according to
specific company needs
 Data on the weight of collected waste,
support in estimating waste quantities
Analysing potentials of waste reduction
 Central waste
collection point
Container for residual
waste

Container for hazardous

waste

 Waste
segregation in
the company
 BEST PRACTICES

 Optimize waste logistics (new containers, new

waste collection points, colour system/
labelling)
 Improve waste segregation (e.g. metals) –
reduction of disposal costs
 Use returnable and/or large containers
 Reuse certain materials
 Internal recycling (e.g. recycling of solvents)
 Use returnable cleaning rags (rental system)
 Use reusable packaging
MOVIE Recommendation

86
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