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Biology Project
Biology Project
MOUDA
BIOLOGY SCIENCE
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
SESSION:2023-24
EXTERNAL:
NAME OF EXTERNAL:
NAME OF INSTITUTE:
INDEX
Introduction
Composition of blood
History of ABO blood type
Rh factor
Blood incompatibility
The Bombay blood
Pedigree analysis
Graphical representation
Conclusion
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
• What is Blood?
The blood is a fluid tissue present in the body that carries out various
complex functions for the human body. It contains solid and liquid
particles. Blood and its components are produced in the Bone
Marrow.
• Components of the Blood:
As mentioned, Blood is made up of solid and liquid particles.
• PLASMA:
The soldiers of the blood fluid system that help fight infection
and defend the body against other foreign materials. There are
many types of White Blood Cells (also known as Leucocytes).
•PLATELETS:
ABO History:
B Positive (B+):
On the surface of the RBC’s of an individual containing this
blood type are the B-Antigen and the Rh+ factor. This gives them
the blood type B+. Genotypically, they can be either IᴮIᴮ or Iᴮi.
O Positive (O+):
This individual doesn’t contain any antigens
on the surface of the RBC’s but contains
both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. They are
represented as ii as it is the
recessive blood genotype.
Can Give Blood To Can Receive Blood
From
O+, A+, B+, AB+ O+, O-
AB Positive (AB+):
AB+ is having both the antigens but lack
the antibodies and contain the Rh factor.
AB+ is the rarest Rh+ blood.
Universal Recipient: AB+ acts as a
plasma donor that
can be transfused to any other blood
type making them very useful. AB- on
the other cannot be given to positive
blood types and acts as a plasma donor
among the Rh- blood types.
O Negative (O-):
Just like O+, it does not contain any antigens but contains both
antibodies. It also does not contain the Rh Factor just like all the
other Negative blood types discussed.
Universal Donor: O- is considered to be the
Universal Donor because this blood type can give its blood;
in terms of RB, to all the blood types.
O+ cannot do the same because it contains the Rh
Factor.
AB Negative (AB-):
AB Negative contains both A and B Antigens but no
antibodies just like its counterpart, AB+. But unlike its
counterpart, it does not present the Rh factor. AB
Negative is the rarest blood type (in the ABO blood
group systems) with only 0.6% of the world having this
blood.
The doctors will take samples to confirm this and also might
take a sample of your urine to look for haemoglobin.
While these procedures are going on, the doctors and nurses
will monitor your vital signs like:
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Breathing
Temperature
What are the treatments that are given during this case:
A+
A+ B+
A+ O+ A+ A+
A+ A+
Family 1 (in detail study)
Grand Mother,
Grand Father A
+ve
A +ve(IA IA ) ,
A+ve(IA IO B +ve
MOTHER A
SIDE +ve
A
+ve A
+ve
A
Grand Mother, +ve
Grand Father
A
+ve
A +ve(IAIO),
AB +ve(IA IO)
B
+ve
FATHER SIDE
Family 2
AB+ A+
A +
A+
B+ A+ B+
A+ O+ A+ A+
O+ A+
Family 3
A+ O+
AB+ O+
O+ A+
A +
A +
O+ A+
Family 4
O+ AB+ B+
O+
O O+ B+ AB+
+
O+ B+
Family 5
A+ O+
B+
B+
OA+ AO+ + A+
B+ +
A+
Family 6
O+ O+
AB+ O+
A+ O+ O+
O+ A+
Family 7
A+ O+
A+
O+
A+ O+ A+
O+ A+
Family 8
A+ AB+
AB
AB+ +
AB
O+
+
A+
A +
AB+
A+
Family 9
A+ O+
AB+ O+
O+ A+
A+ A+
O+ A+
Family 10
AB+ O+
AB+ O+
A+ AA
O+++
A+ A+ AA+ +
O+ A+
Graphical Data of Investigation
30
25
20
15 Gen 1
Gen 2
Gen 3
10
0
ve
e
e
ve
+v
-v
A-
A+
AB
AB
Conclusion