Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering & Technology

Pauri Garhwal

Department of Electrical Engineering

Submitted To Submitted By
Mr. A. BARTWAL SIR KM AMISHA NEGI
 INTERNSHIP
PRESENTATION ON
33/11 KV
DISTRIBUTION /
SUBSTATION
CONTENT
 Introduction
 Primary Distribution
 Secondary Distribution
 Substation Specific Design
 Isolator
 VCB
 Busbar
 CT and CVT
 Transformer
 Feeder and its types
 Jumper and its types
INTRODUCTION
 33kV to 11kV transformers steps down the voltage to a safe level,
which is then distributed via 11kV feeders to homes and businesses.
Many people question why the voltage is as high as 33kV in the first
place. The reason is that the higher the transmission voltage, the
lower the transmission losses will be.
 The 11kV lines are used in residential areas and is what feeds the
local transformers, which then distributes power to the buildings
in the area. 33kV lines on the other hand involve much higher
voltages and are used to distribute power from one small sub-
station to another.
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
The small consumers are supplied at low voltage (400/230
V) and the system by which they are supplied is called
secondary distribution system.
The secondary distribution employs 400/230 V, Where
400 V is the line voltage and 230 V is the phase voltage.
Carried out by 3-phase, 4-wire system.
SUBSTATION SPECIFIC DESIGN
 The substation would be a combination of switching, controlling, and
voltage step-down equipment arranged to reduce sub-transmission
voltage to primary distribution voltage for residential, commercial, and
industrial loads.
 Power substation consists of:
 Switchgear: isolators, circuit breakers, earthing switches etc.
 Controlgear: current transformers, voltage transformers, contactors etc.
 Protection equipment: relays, fuses, surge arrestors etc.
 Power Transformers
ISOLATOR
 Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty section of substation
 Used to separate faulty section for repair from a healthy section in order to avoid the occurrence
of severe faults
 Also called disconnector or disconnecting switch.
 There are different types of isolators used for different applications:
o single break
o double break
o bus isolator
o line isolator.
 The isolator will be a horizontal double break central rotating type with an earth switch.
Isolators and earth switches can be hand operated. Earth switches and Isolators (in closed
position) are designed to withstand thermal effects and other conditions due to short circuit
current.
VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB)
 This type of circuit breaker uses vacuum media for quenching the arc.
 In VCB vacuum is used because the dielectric strength of the vacuum
is far better than any type of medium.
 The vacuum is the superior dielectric medium of extinct using the arc
compared to other mediums.
 A vacuum circuit breaker is used for switching as well as protection of
the connected equipment, so they have to be very fast-acting to ensure
that during any fault the breaker automatically trips before the fault
current can cause damage to the equipment. So these breakers are
essential at incomers and interconnectors in a network.
BUSBAR
 Busbars, also known as busbar trunking systems, distribute electricity with greater ease
and flexibility than some other more permanent forms of installation and distribution.
 They are often metallic strips of copper, brass, or aluminum that both ground and
conduct electricity.
 Busbar systems are used to safely implement three-phase power distribution systems,
often in large environments. Busbars are found in
o Factories
o Data centers
o Retail facilities
o Laboratories
o Hospitals
o Universities
o Technology settings
CT AND CVT
 Current transformers supply the
protective relays with currents of
magnitude proportional to those of
power circuit but sufficiently reduced in
magnitude.
 A current transformer also isolates the
measuring instruments from high
voltage circuits.
 Capacitive Voltage transformer is a high
pass filter. It passes high frequency
signals , blocks low frequency signal.
TRANSFORMER
 A transformer is a device used in the power
transmission of electric energy. The transmission
current is AC.
 It is commonly used to increase or decrease the
supply voltage without a change in the frequency of
AC between circuits.
 It works on basic principles of electromagnetic
induction and mutual induction.
 The transformer is basically a voltage control device
that is used widely in the distribution and
transmission of alternating current power.
 The general purpose of using transformers was to
maintain a balance between the electricity that was
generated at very high voltages and consumption
which was done at very low voltages.
FEEDER
 Feeders are used for the
transmission of electricity it is the
power line in which electricity is
transmitted in power systems.
 It does the transmission of power
from the generating station or
substation to the distribution
points.
 There is no intermediate tapping
and by that, the flow of current
will be the same for the sending
and the receiving section.
RADIAL FEEDERS
 It is used for many distribution
processes
 It is really cheap and simple
 Only used when the substation or
the generating stations are located
at the center of the consumers
 This type feeder will radiate from
the generating stations or
substations and it will reach the
distributors at one end.
 Thus the power flow is in one
direction.
PARALLEL FEEDER
 In radial feeders if there is any fault occur
during the transmission there will be no
supply for many customers
 This can be changed by using parallel
feeder
 If any fault occurs only one line of the
feeder will be affected the other will do
the work
 The cost is high due to increase in feeder
number
 It can be used to transfer heavy loads.
JUMPER WIRE
 Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end,
allowing them to be used to connect two points to each other without
soldering.
 Jumper wires are typically used with breadboards and other
prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a circuit as needed.
 Though jumper wires come in a variety of colors, the colors don’t
actually mean anything. This means that a red jumper wire is
technically the same as a black one.
 But the colors can be used to your advantage in order to differentiate
between types of connections, such as ground or power.
TYPES OF JUMPER WIRES
 Jumper wires typically come in three versions:
o male-to-male
o male-to-female
o female-to-female
 The difference between each is in the end point of the wire.
 Male ends have a pin protruding and can plug into things
 Female ends do not and are used to plug things into.
 Male-to-male jumper wires are the most common
 When connecting two ports on a breadboard, a male-to-male wire is
what you’ll need.
THANK YOU