Gauss’s Forward And

Backward
Interpolation
◇ Name: Punya Modi
◇ Scholar No: 22U02075
◇ Subject: Engineering Mathematics – III
◇ Submitted To - Dr. Nisha Singhal
◇ Introduction
◇ What is Interpolation?
◇ Forward Interpolation Formula
◇ Some Practice Questions on Backward Interpolation
Formula
◇ Backward Interpolation Formula
◇ Some Practice Questions on Backward Interpolation
Formula
 What is Interpolation?
◇ Interpolation is a mathematical technique used to estimate values within a set of
known data points. It involves constructing a function or curve that passes
through the existing data points in order to predict the value of a variable at an
intermediate or unmeasured point within the range of the known data.

◇ Interpolation is commonly used in various fields for the following purposes:

◇ 1. Function Approximation.
◇ 2. Numerical Analysis
◇ 3. Computer Graphics
◇ 4. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
◇ 5. Data Analysis
◇ 8. Signal Processing
◇ 10. Machine Learning

◇ Interpolation plays a vital role in making predictions, creating visualizations,

and filling gaps in data, making it a valuable tool in various scientific,
engineering, and practical applications.
 Gauss’s Forward
Interpolation Formula
The gaussian interpolation comes under the Central Difference Interpolation
Formulae. Suppose we are given the following value of y=f(x) for a set values of
x:

X: x0,x1,x2,……….,xn
Y: y0,y1,y2 …………,yn

The differences y1 – y0, y2 – y1, y3 – y2, ……, yn – yn–1 when denoted by

Δy0, Δy1, Δy2, ……, Δyn–1 are respectively, called the first forward
differences. Thus the first forward differences are :

Δy0 = y1 – y0

and in the same way we can calculate higher order differences.

 Remember with the help of
Zig Zag Pattern

And after the creating table we calculate the value on the basis of following formula:
𝑢(𝑢 − 1) 2
𝑦(𝑎 + 𝑢ℎ) = 𝑦0 + 𝑢Δ𝑦0 + Δ 𝑦−1
2!
(𝑢 + 1)𝑢(𝑢 − 1) 3 (𝑢 + 1)𝑢(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 2) 4
+ Δ 𝑦−1 + Δ 𝑦−2
3! 4!

Where
a + uh = x (x is the value for which we are approximating function)
a = The know closest Interval to x.
h = Difference between two consecutive intervals
 Question 1 : Find Solution using Gauss Forward Formula when x=3.5 ?

Solution:

Given Values Of x and F(x)

We Can Extrapolate that:

Let a = 3 since it’s the closest value to 3.5

h = 1, i.e. difference between two consecutive terms

X=a+uh -> 3.5 = 3 + u x 1

u = 0.5 - (1)

Now making the difference table

x F(x) Δy Δ^2(y) Δ^3y Δ^4y

1 1

-2

2 -1 4

2 -8

3 1 -4 16

-2 8

4 -1 4

5 1
 Gauss Forward Interpolation Formula is:

Substituting values into the Gauss Forward

Interpolation Formula

(0.5)(0.5 − 1) (0.5 + 1)(0.5)(0.5 − 1) (0.5 + 1)(0.5)(0.5 − 1)(0.5 − 2)

𝑦0.5 = 1 + (0.5)(−2) + (−4) + (8) + (16)
2 6 24
𝑦0.5 = 1 − 1 + 0.5 − 0.5 + 0.375
𝑦0.5 = 0.375

Hence Using Gauss Forward Interpolation Method, We get the value of f(3.5) =
0.375 - Answer
Question 2 : Use Gauss Forward formula to find f(9) from the
following table?
x 0 4 8 12 16
F(x) 14 24 32 35 40

Solution :
Given Values Of x and F(x)
We Can Extrapolate that:

Let a = 8 since it’s the closest value to 9

h = 4, i.e. difference between two consecutive terms

X= a + uh -> 9=8+ux4
u = 0.25 - (1)

Now making the difference table

x F(x) Δy Δ^2(y) Δ^3(y) Δ^4(y)

0 14
10
4 24 -2
8 -3
8 32 -5 10
3 7
12 35 2
5
16 40

Gauss Forward Interpolation Formula is:

Substituting values into the Gauss Forward

Interpolation Formula
 ሺ0.25ሻሺ0.25 − 1ሻ ሺ0.25 + 1ሻሺ0.25ሻሺ0.25 − 1ሻ ሺ0.25 + 1ሻሺ0.25ሻሺ0.25 − 1ሻሺ0.25 − 2ሻ
𝑦0.5 = 32 + ሺ0.25ሻሺ3ሻ + ሺ−5ሻ + ሺ7ሻ + ሺ10ሻ
2 6 24
𝑦0.5 = 33.11621

Hence Using Gauss Forward Interpolation Method, We get the value of F(9) = 33.11621 - Answer
Homework
1. From the following table, find the value of e1.17 using Gauss's Forward formula.

𝑥 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

ex 2.7183 2.8577 3.0042 3.1582 3.3201 3.4903 3.6693

−𝑥
2. Apply gauss forward formula to evaluate 𝑒 when 𝑥 = 1.748 from the following
table -
𝑥: 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77
−𝑥
𝑒 : 0.1790 0.1773 0.1755 0.1738 0.1720 0.1703

3. Using Newton's Forward formula, find sin⁡(0.1604) from the following table.

𝑥 0.160 0.161 0.162

𝑓(𝑥) 0.1593182066 0.1603053541 0.1612923412

Gauss’s Backward Interpolation
Formula
The gaussian interpolation comes under the Central Difference
Interpolation Formulae. Suppose we are given the following
value of y=f(x) for a set values of x:

X: x0,x1,x2,……….,xn
Y: y0,y1,y2 …………,yn

The differences y1 – y0, y2 – y1, y3 – y2, ……, yn – yn–1 when

denoted by Δy0, Δy1, Δy2, ……, Δyn–1 are respectively, called
the first forward differences. Thus the first forward differences
are :

Δy0 = y1 – y0

and in the same way we can calculate higher order differences.

 Remember with the help of
Zig Zag Pattern

And after the creating table we calculate the value on the basis of following formula:

𝑝(𝑝 + 1) 2 𝑝(𝑝 + 1)(𝑝 − 1) 3

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦0 + 𝑝Δ𝑦−1 + Δ 𝑦−1 + Δ 𝑦−2
2! 3!
𝑝(𝑝 + 1)(𝑝 − 1)(𝑝 + 2) 4
+ Δ 𝑦−2 + ⋯
4!

Where
a + ph = x (x is the value for which we are approximating function)
a = The know closest Interval to x.
h = Difference between two consecutive intervals
Gauss Forward Interpolation Gauss Backward Interpolation
Question 3 : Use Gauss Backward formula to find f(9) from
the following table?
x 0 4 8 12 16
F(x) 14 24 32 35 40

Solution :

Given Values Of x and F(x)

We Can Extrapolate that:

Let a = 8 since it’s the closest value to 9

h = 4, i.e. difference between two consecutive terms

X= a + uh -> 9=8+ux4
u = 0.25 - (1)

Now making the difference table

x F(x) Δy Δ^2(y) Δ^3(y) Δ^4(y)

0 14
10
4 24 -2
8 -3
8 32 -5 10
3 7
12 35 2
5
16 40

Gauss Backward Interpolation Formula is:

Substituting values into the Gauss Backward Interpolation Formula

 ሺ0.25ሻሺ0.25 + 1ሻ ሺ0.25 − 1ሻሺ0.25ሻሺ0.25 + 1ሻ ሺ0.25 − 1ሻሺ0.25ሻሺ0.25 + 1ሻሺ0.25 + 2ሻ
𝑦0.5 = 32 + ሺ0.25ሻሺ8ሻ + ሺ−5ሻ + ሺ−3ሻ + ሺ10ሻ
2 6 24
𝑦0.5 = 33.11621

Hence Using Gauss Forward Interpolation Method, We get the value of F(9) = 33.11621 - Answer
Question 4: Interpolation by mean of Gauss’s backward formula for the
population for the year 1962 from the following table
x 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981
F(x) 12 15 20 27 39 52

Solution :
Given Values Of x and F(x)
We Can Extrapolate that:

Let a = 1961 since it’s the closest value to 1962

h = 10, i.e. difference between two consecutive terms

X= a + uh -> 1962 = 1961 + u x 10

u = 0.1 - (1)

Now making the difference table

x F(x) Δy Δ^2(y) Δ^3(y) Δ^4(y) Δ^5(y)

1931 12
3
1941 15 2
5 0
1951 20 2 3
7 3 -10
1961 27 5 -7
12 -4
1971 39 1
13
1981 52

Gauss Backward Interpolation Formula is:

 ሺ0.1ሻሺ0.1 + 1ሻ ሺ0.1 − 1ሻሺ0.1ሻሺ0.1 + 1ሻ ሺ0.1 − 1ሻሺ0.1ሻሺ0.1 + 1ሻሺ0.1 + 2ሻ (0.1 − 2)ሺ0.1 − 1ሻሺ0.1ሻሺ0.1 + 1ሻሺ0.1 + 2ሻ
𝑦0.1 = 27 + ሺ0.1ሻሺ7ሻ + ሺ5ሻ + ሺ3ሻ + ሺ−7ሻ + ሺ−10ሻ
2 6 24 120
𝑦0.1 = 27.9532

Hence Using Gauss Forward Interpolation Method, We get the value of F(1962) = 27.9532 - Answer
Homework
Find 𝑓(2.5) using the following table
1.

𝑥 1 2 3 4

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 1 8 27 64

Find Solution using Gauss Backward formula

2.
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

1940 17

1950 20

1960 27

1970 32

1980 36

1990 38

3. Find 𝑛 for the following data if 𝑓(0.2) is asked.

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑓(𝑥) 176 185 194 203 212 220 229

Thank You