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Organic chemistry

Lesson two
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14.1 Names of compounds
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

WHAT IS IT?

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex

branch of chemistry because...

• CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER

• THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE

• CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN STRAIGHT CHAINS

BRANCHED CHAINS
and RINGS

• OTHER ATOMS/GROUPS OF ATOMS ARE PLACED ON CARBON ATOMS

 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CHAINS AND RINGS

CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN

STRAIGHT CHAINS

BRANCHED CHAINS

and RINGS

You can also get a combination of rings and chains

 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SINGLE AND MULTIPLE BONDING

CARBON-CARBON COVALENT BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE

 HYDROCARBONS

Compounds containing only

carbon and hydrogen atoms
 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

A FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE…

● A GENERAL FORMULA

● SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Examples:-

ALKANES CnH2n+2 CH4 C2H6

ALKENES CnH2n C2H4 C3H6
 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

WHAT ARE THE NEXT IN EACH SERIES?

ALKANES ALKENES

CH4
C 2H 6 C 2H 4
? C 3H 6
? ?
? ?
 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

WHAT ARE THE NEXT IN EACH SERIES?

ALKANES ALKENES

CH4
C 2H 6 C 2H 4
C 3H 8 C 3H 6
C4H10 C 4H 8
C5H12 C5H10
 ALKANES

SATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
 ALKANES

WHAT ARE THEY?

● HYDROCARBONS

● CARBON ATOMS ARE JOINED BY SINGLE COVALENT BONDS

● CONTAIN THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS

● ARE SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

● EXAMPLES… METHANE CH4

ETHANE C 2H 6
PROPANE C 3H 8
BUTANE C4H10
GENERAL FORMULA IS… CnH2n+2
 ALKANE STRUCTURES

H H H H H H
H–C–H H–C–C–H H–C–C–C–H
H H H H H H

METHANE ETHANE PROPANE

CH4 C2H6 C3H8

THESE
THESEARE
AREDISPLAYED
DISPLAYEDSTRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
THEY
THEYSHOW
SHOWALL
ALLTHE
THE
COVALENT
COVALENTBONDS
BONDSININTHE
THEMOLECULE
MOLECULE

Each
Eachcovalent
covalentbond
bondis
isrepresented
representedby
byaaline
line
 ALKANE STRUCTURES

H H H H
H H
H–C–H H–C–C–C–H
H–C–C–H
H H H H
H H

METHANE ETHANE PROPANE

CH4 C2H6 C3H8

HOWEVER
HOWEVER
H H H H
By
Bythe
thetime
timeyou
youget
getto
tobutane,
butane,
H–C–C–C–C–H
there
thereare
aretwo
twoways
waysto
toarrange
arrangethe
the
H H H H carbon
carbonand
andhydrogen
hydrogenatoms…
atoms…

BUTANE C4H10
 ALKANE STRUCTURES

C4H10

BUTANE METHYLPROPANE

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
Compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA
but DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULA
 ALKANE STRUCTURES

BEWARE!
H H H H
BEWARE!
THESE
THESEARE
AREALL
ALL
THE
THESAME
SAME
H C C C C H
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE

H H H H
H
H C H H H H H

H C C H H C C C H

HH C H H H H C H
H H
 SOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES

Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula

CH4 (-161°C) C2H6 (-88°C) C3H8 (-42°C) C4H10 (-0.5°C)

Viscosity Greater number of C atoms = greater viscosity

Flammability Greater number of C atoms = less flammable

Use as fuels Alkanes make useful fuels

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

The more carbon atoms they have the more oxygen they need

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

 ALKENES

UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
 ALKENES

WHAT ARE THEY?

● HYDROCARBONS

● CONTAIN A DOUBLE C=C COVALENT BOND

● ARE UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS – THEY CAN HAVE

ATOMS ADDED TO THEM

● ARE MORE REACTIVE THAN ALKANES

● EXAMPLES… ETHENE C 2H 4
PROPENE C 3H 6
BUTENE C 4H 8
GENERAL FORMULA IS… CnH2n
 ALKENE STRUCTURES

DOUBLE COVALENT BOND

H H H H H
C C C C C H
H H H H
ETHENE PROPENE
C2H4 C3H6
 ALKANES & ALKENES

HOW CAN YOU TELL THEM APART?

ADD BROMINE WATER; if the reddish-brown colour is removed the substance

possesses a C=C bond.

A PLACE A SOLUTION OF BROMINE

IN A TEST TUBE
B ADD THE HYDROCARBON TO BE
TESTED AND SHAKE
C
IF THE BROWN COLOUR
DISAPPEARS THEN THE
HYDROCARBON IS AN ALKENE

A B C
 ADDITION REACTIONS

BROMINE

C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2

Br Br Br Br

H C C H H C C H

H H H H

ETHENE 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE

THIS REACTION IS USED AS A TEST FOR UNSATURATION -

BROMINE WATER IS ‘DECOLOURISED’.
 ADDITION REACTIONS

HYDROGEN

CATALYST
C2H4 + H2 C2H6

H H H H

H C C H H C C H

H H H H

ETHENE ETHANE

VEGETABLE OILS CONTAINING UNSATURATED FATS

ARE HARDENED TO FORM MARGARINE THIS WAY
ALCOHOLS
 ALCOHOLS

WHAT ARE THEY?

● NOT HYDROCARBONS

● CONTAIN THE –OH FUNCTIONAL GROUP

● EXAMPLES… METHANOL CH3OH

ETHANOL C2H5OH
PROPANOL C3H7OH
GENERAL FORMULA IS… CnH2n+1OH
 ALCOHOL STRUCTURES

H H H
H C O H H C C O H
H H H
METHANOL ETHANOL
CH3OH C2H5OH

H H H
H C C C O H PROPANOL
C3H7OH

H H H
 STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PROPANOL

H H H There
Thereis
isanother
anotheralcohol
alcoholwith
with
the
thesame
samemolecular
molecularformula
formula
H C C C O H
What
Whatis
isit?
it?
H H H
PROPANOL
C3H7OH or CH3CH2CH2OH
 STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PROPANOL

H H H There
Thereis
isanother
anotheralcohol
alcoholwith
with
the
thesame
samemolecular
molecularformula
formula
H C C C O H
What
Whatis
isit?
it?
H H H
PROPAN-1-OL
C3H7OH or CH3CH2CH2OH
H H H
H C C C H
H O H
PROPAN-2-OL
C3H7OH or CH3CH(OH)CH3
H
CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS
 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

WHAT ARE THEY?

● NOT HYDROCARBONS

● CONTAIN THE –COOH FUNCTIONAL GROUP

 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

WHAT ARE THEY?

● NOT HYDROCARBONS

● CONTAIN THE –COOH FUNCTIONAL GROUP

● EXAMPLES… METHANOIC ACID HCOOH

ETHANOIC ACID CH3COOH
PROPANOIC ACID C2H5COOH
 CARBOXYLIC ACID STRUCTURES

O H O
H C O H H C C O H
H

METHANOIC ACID ETHANOIC ACID

HCOOH CH3COOH
 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

USES

● VINEGAR CONTAINS ETHANOIC ACID

- ethanoic acid is used in the manufacture of rayon

● ORANGES AND LEMONS CONTAIN CITRIC ACID

● ASPIRIN IS A CARBOXYLIC ACID

- it is used for pain relief and prevention heart attacks

● VITAMIN C CONTAINS ASCORBIC ACID

- it is used for pain relief and prevention heart attacks
 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

REACTIONS

● WEAK ACIDS
- neutralised by alkalis to form salts
- react with carbonates making salts, carbon dioxide and water

● REACT WITH ALCOHOLS TO PRODUCE ESTERS

ESTERS
 ESTERS

WHAT ARE THEY?

● NOT HYDROCARBONS

● CONTAIN THE –COOC FUNCTIONAL GROUP

● FORMATION…
Formed by replacing the H on the COOH of a carboxylic
acid by a carbon atom group

METHANOIC (HCOOH) METHYL (HCOOCH3)

ACID METHANOATE

ETHANOIC (CH3COOH) METHYL (CH3COOCH3)

ACID ETHANOATE

USE… Flavourings – many have fruity

odours
+ exercises
0620/31/M/J/18/No.2
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0620/31/M/J/18/No.3