Electrical Power &

Machines (EE328)
Dr. Amged Sayed

Lecture 5
 AGENDA
Review
Transformer rating & testing

Basics of Motors & Generators

Dr. Amged Sayed 2
 Review
The equivalent-T circuit for a transformer
• The resulting parameters:

and

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Review
 When the secondary of a transformer is loaded, the secondary terminal voltage
falls, V2.
 A low value regulation indicates that load on the secondary will not significantly
affect the magnitude of the voltage being supplied to the load.

Power
100%

Power
OUT
In

Copper Core 4

loss
Dr. Amged Sayed
 Transformer Rating
 Commercial transformer ratings are usually given on the so-called nameplate,
which indicates the normal operating conditions.
 The nameplate includes the following parameters:
 Primary-to-secondary voltage ratio
 Design frequency of operation
 (Apparent) rated output power

 For example, a typical nameplate might read 480:240 V, 60 Hz, 2 kVA.

 The voltage ratio can be used to determine the turns ratio,
 while the rated output power (transformer rating) in kVA represents the continuous
5

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Transformer Rating
 The voltage ratio can be used to determine the turns ratio, while the rated output
power represents the continuous power level that can be sustained without
overheating
 the transformer rating is either V1I1 or V2I2, where I2 is the full-load secondary
current

Dr. Amged Sayed

Problem.
Transformer Rating
A 5 kVA single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 10:1 and is fed from a 2.5 kV
supply. Neglecting losses, determine (a) the full-load secondary current, (b) the
minimum load resistance which can be connected across the secondary winding to
give full load kVA, (c) the primary current at full load kVA.
Solution
(a)

The transformer rating in volt-amperes = V2I2 (at full load),i.e., 5000= 250 I2
Hence full load secondary current

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Transformer Rating
Solution
(b) Minimum value of load resistance,

(c) The primary current at full load kVA

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Transformer Efficiency
 The transformer efficiency (η) determines the power loss between the primary
(input) and secondary (output) windings.

 Output power =,
Power
 total losses = copper loss + core losses,

100
Power

%
OUT
In
 input power = output power + losses
Copper Core
 It is common for power transformers to have efficiencies
loss of between
loss 95% and
98%.
9

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Transformer Efficiency
 Problem A 200 kVA rated transformer has a full-load copper loss of 1.5 kW and
an iron loss of 1 kW. Determine the transformer efficiency at full load and 0.85
power factor
Solution

Full-load output power

Total losses =1.5 +1.0 = 2.5 kW
Input power = output power + losses = 170 +2.5 = 172.5 kW

10

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Transformer testing
 Two very simple tests serve to determine the parameters of the equivalent
circuits

1. Short-circuit test
2. Open-circuit test
 These consist of measuring the input voltage, current, and power to the primary,
first with the secondary short-circuited and then with the secondary open-
circuited

11

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Short-Circuit test
 For computing series impedance Req & Xeq
 A short circuit to be applied to low-voltage terminals of the transformer and
voltage applied to other terminals.
 An applied voltage on the order of 10 to 15 percent of the rated value
 is the impedance of the exciting branch
 where is much larger than of the secondary winding.

12

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Short-Circuit test
 So this test will measure the rms magnitude of the applied voltage V sc,the short circuit current
Isc, and the power Psc

 it is possible to measure Rl and R2 directly by a dc resistance measurement on each winding,
but no such simple test exists for the leakage reactances XI and Xl2
 we can assume that R1 = R2 =0.5 Req and X1 = Xl2 = 0.5Xeq

13

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Open-Circuit test
 For computing the magnetizing reactance Rc & Xm
 A open circuit to be applied to the transformer secondary and full rated voltage
applied to primary
 Under this condition an exciting current of a few percent of full-load current

 As the impedance of the exciting branch is

quite large, the voltage drop in the primary
14

impedance
Dr. Amged Sayed
typically negligible,
 Open-Circuit test
 For this test will measure the rms magnitude of the applied voltage, Voc, the
open-circuit current Ioc and the power Poc.

 The open-circuit test can be used to obtain the core loss for efficiency
computations and to check the magnitude of the exciting current.

15

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Transformer tests
 These two tests enable the efficiency and the voltage regulation to be calculated without
loading the transformer
 So the Primary and secondary impedance can be calculated from short-circuit as
Rp = a2Rs =0.5 Req and Xp = a2 Xs =0.5 Xeq ( where a is turn ratio )
 The efficiency is calculated from transformer test as

16

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Basics of Motors &
Generators
Dr. Amged Sayed 17
 Basic of Motors and Generators
1. Electric Machines mechanical energy to electric energy or vice versa
Mechanical energy Electric energy : GENERATOR
Electric energy mechanical energy : MOTOR
2. Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from one form to
another through the action of a magnetic field.
3. Why are electric motors and generators so common?
• electric power is a clean and efficient energy source that is very easy to
transmit over long distances and easy to control.
• Does not require constant ventilation and fuel (compare to internal-
18

combustion engine), free from pollutant associated with combustion

Dr. Amged Sayed
 Basic of Motors and Generators
The Principle of a motor
1. A current carrying conductor present in a uniform magnetic field of flux
density B, would produce a force to the conductor/wire. Dependent upon the
direction of the surrounding magnetic field, the force induced is given by:

where:
i – represents the current flow in the conductor
l – length of wire(in the direction of current flow)
B – magnetic field density
19

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Basic of Motors and Generators
The Principle of a motor
2. The direction of the force is given by the left-hand rule
3. If the current carrying conductor is position at an angle to the magnetic field,
the formula is modified to be as follows:

Where θ is the angle between the conductor and the direction of field

 In summary, this phenomenon is the basis of an

electric motor where torque or rotational force of
the motor is the effect of the stator field current and
the magnetic field of the rotor. 20

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Basic of Motors and Generators
The Principle of a motor

21

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Basic of Motors and Generators
The Principle of a Generator
1. If a conductor moves or ‘cuts’ through a magnetic field, voltage will be
induced between the terminals of the conductor at which the magnitude of the
induced voltage is dependent upon the velocity of the wire assuming that the
magnetic field is constant. This can be summarised :

where:
v – velocity of the wire
B – magnetic field density
l – length of the wire in the magnetic field 22

Dr. Amged Sayed

 Basic of Motors and Generators
The Principle of a Generator
2. The direction of the movement is given by the right-hand rule
3. The value of l (length) is dependent upon the angle at which the wire cuts
through the magnetic field. Hence a more complete formula will be as follows:

where:
θ - angle between the conductor and the field

 The induction of voltages in a wire moving in a

magnetic field is fundamental to the operation of all
types of generators. 23

Dr. Amged Sayed

Right hand rule
 Basic of Motors and Generators
The Principle of a Generator

24

Dr. Amged Sayed

25