9 - Functions - ST

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FUNCTIONS -9
Basimah Aljhne
11/05/2023
1. An Introduction to Function in Python
2. User-defined Functions
3. Example
AN INTRODUCTION TO Click icon to add picture
FUNCTION IN PYTHON
1. What is function?
2. Why Using them?
3. Where do the functions come from?
What is Function?
When you want some data to be printed on the console print()
When you want to read the value of a variable input()
When you want to know the number of characters in string len()
4
What is Function?
Group of statements within a program that perform specific task.

 Usually one task of a large program
There are two kinds of functions in Python
Built-in functions
That are provided as part of Python.

For example: float(), int() ...
User-defined Functions
5
Why have them?
• Functions help divide a program into modules.

This makes the code easier to manage,
debug.
• Simplify code. More readable
• Reuse. Once written, use again
• Sharing. If tested, others can use
6
Program: Program:
Output:
def thing():
print('Hello’)
print ('Hello’)
print ('Fun’)
print ('Fun’)
Hello
Fun
print (‘python’) python
thing()
print (‘python’) Hello
print('Hello’)
thing() Fun
print ('Fun’)
thing() Hello
print('Hello’) Fun
print ('Fun’)
We call these Reuse. Once written, use again 7

Where do the functions come from?
In general, functions come from at least three places:

from Python itself – numerous
functions (like print()) are an integral part of Python, and are always available without
any additional effort on behalf of the programmer; we call these functions built-in
functions
from Python’s preinstalled modules
a lot of functions, very useful ones, but used significantly less often than built-in ones,
are available in a number of modules installed together with Python.
directly from your code
you can write your own functions, place them inside your code, and use them freely;
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USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS Click icon to add picture
1. Defining a Function in Python
2. Flow of Control With Functions
3. Rules for naming python function (identifier)
4. Python Function Parameters
5. Function Arguments
6. Python return Statement
7. Scope and Lifetime of Variables in Python
8. How to write a function
Function_Body.
execution.
function_name(parameter,parmater) 10
Function
def area_square (side) :

area =side*side
Main Program return area
Statement
Statement
Var_Value Var_Name
result= area_square (2)
result
print(result)
Statement
Statement
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Function
def area_square (side) : 2

area =side*side
Statement
Statement
Var_Value Var_Name
result
print(result) side 2
Statement
Statement
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Function

area =side*side
Statement
Statement
Var_Value Var_Name
result
Statement area 4
Statement
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Function

area =side*side
Statement
Statement 4
Var_Value Var_Name
result 4
Statement area 4
Statement
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• To define your own Python function, you use the ‘def’

keyword before its name. And its name is to be followed
by parentheses, before a colon(:)
• The contents inside the body of the function must be
equally indented.
• You may use a docstring right under the first line of a
function declaration. This is a documentation string, and it
explains what the function does.
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• We follow the same rules when naming a function as we

do when naming a variable.
• It can begin with either of the following: A-Z, a-z, and
underscore(_).
• The rest of it can contain either of the following: A-Z, a-z,
digits(0-9), and underscore(_).
• A reserved keyword may not be chosen as an identifier.
• It is good practice to name a Python function according to
what it does. 16
2: What happens when you try to invoke a function before you define it?
Q3: Which of the following statement is true?
Functions are used to create objects in Python.
Functions make your program run faster.
A function is a piece of code that performs a specific task.
All of the above
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Q4:what is the output?
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Q5:What is the output of the following code? Explain why.
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What is the output of the following code? Explain why.
22
23
: What is the output of the following code? Explain why.
A parameter is a variable , but there are two
important factors that make parameters different
and special:
 They exist only inside functions in which they
have been defined, and the only place where
the parameter can be defined is a space
between a pair of parentheses in
the def statement; Don’t forget:
parameters live inside functions
 Assigning a value to the parameter is done at (this is their natural environment)
the time of the function’s invocation, by arguments exist outside functions,
specifying the corresponding argument. and are carriers of values passed
to corresponding parameters.
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a=2 b=5
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• An argument is a value we pass into the function as its input when we call the function
• We use arguments, so we can direct the function to do different kinds of work when
we call it at different times
• We put the arguments in parenthesis after the name of the function
Calling a Python function
• To call a Python function at a place in your

code, you simply need to name it, and pass
arguments, if any.
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Value Symbol Name
Basimah
name
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5. Function Parameters
Types of Python Function Parameters
 Default Parameters in Python

 Python Keyword Parameters
 Passing any number of parameters
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1. Default Parameters in Python
• Python Program Parameters can have default values.

• We assign a default value to an Parameters using the assignment operator
in python(=).
• When we call a function without a value for an argument, its default value
(as mentioned) is used.
Default value
Calling function in
different way
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Value Symbol Name
User name
Basimah
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2. Python Keyword Parameters
• With keyword Parameters in python, we can change the order of passing the
arguments without any consequences.
Using argument name to pass the value.

b and c will have their defaults
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3. Passing any number of parameters
• You may not always know how many arguments you’ll get.
• In that case, you use an asterisk(*) before an argument name.
Value Symbol Name

a ,b],c ,dname
[ *
34
Q6: What is the output of the following snippet?
Q7: What is the output of the following snippet?
What is the output of the following code?
5
Error
Value Symbol Name
7
n 2
8
38
Write a function that takes the ﬁnal scores of two soccer
teams as arguments and prints either who won the game
or whether the game was tied.
Refer to the teams as “Team1” and “Team2.”
What is my
arguments?
39
Don’t forget:
parameters live inside functions
3. Rules for naming python function (identifier) (this is their natural environment)
4. Python Function Parameters arguments exist outside functions,
5. Function Arguments and are carriers of values passed
6. Python return Statement to corresponding parameters.
Types of Python Function Parameters
Default Parameters in Python
Passing any number of parameters
Python Keyword Parameters

 Return Effects and Results
 A value-returning function
 A void function
 Multiple returns in a function
44
 A value-returning function
• Executes the statements it contains, and then it returns a value back to

the statement that called it.
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What If There Is No Return Statement?

Sometimes we write functions without a return statement. Functions that do not
return a value are often called procedures or a void function
In that case, what, if anything, is returned?

is that a special Python value None is returned by default if the programmer does
not provide a return statement.
46
 A void function
• Simply executes the statements it contains and then it returns a None
value
This function not return

anything hence output is
None
47
python return Statement
• A Python function may optionally return a value.

• As soon as a return statement is reached in a
function, the function stops executing.
• Return means the task is done and now you need
to return from where you came with the specified
data
• You can return any type of data, you can even
return a function.
• If the function fails to execute the return statement
then it will return nothing and if there is data with
the return then it will also return none 48
• It is the last statement executed by a function.
49
print(func1())
50
print(func1())
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 Multiple returns in a function

• A function can have multiple return statements.
• Remember, the first return statement executed ends the function.
• Multiple returns can be confusing to the reader and should be used
judiciously.
52
0
53
0
54
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If return statement is not used inside the function, the
function will return:
0
None object
Random integer
Error! Functions in Python must have a return statement.
57
Write a Function that takes as input unknown integers and
returns the average of the values.
What is my arguments?
How many return should I
have?
58
Write a Function that takes as input unknown integers and
returns the average of the values.
59
Write a Function that takes as input two words and return
True if both start with the same character, and False if
not.
Note that:
Case distinction is ignored
How many return should I
have?
60
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• A variable isn’t visible everywhere and alive every time.

• We study this in functions because the scope and lifetime for a variable depend on
whether it is inside a function.
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1. Scope
The scope of a variable refers to the places that you can see or access a variable.
A variable may have local or global scope.
 Local Scope
 Global Scope
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Local Scope
A variable that’s declared inside a function has a local scope.
In other words, it is local to that function.
If you then try to access the variable x outside the function, you cannot.
I am a local variable
scope
No one outside this
function can see me
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Global Scope
• When you declare a variable outside python functions, or anything else, it has global
scope.
• It means that it is visible everywhere within the program.
Hi, I am visible
everywhere within
the program.
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Global Scope
• When you declare a variable outside python functions, or anything else, it has global
scope.
• It means that it is visible everywhere within the program.
• However, you can’t change its value from inside a local scope
(here, inside a function).
you can see me but
you can’t change me
from inside local
scope
66
Python global Keyword
• In Python, global keyword allows you to modify the variable outside of the current
scope.
• It is used to create a global variable and make changes to the variable in a local
context.
you can change me

from inside local
scope
X=7
X=2
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Rules of global Keyword
• The basic rules for global keyword in Python are:

• When we create a variable inside a function, it’s local by default.
• When we define a variable outside of a function, it’s global by default.
You don’t have to use global keyword.
• Use of global keyword outside a function has no effect
• We use global keyword to modify a global variable from a local Scope
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2. Lifetime
• The lifespan of a variable local to a function is from the time it is created in the
function’s run, until the function ends (and the memory allocated to the variable is
released) It’s the same for parameters to that function also.
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2. Lifetime
x=cs111
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2. Lifetime
x=cs111
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2. Lifetime
X=“defult”
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2. Lifetime
73
2. Lifetime
• If a function with locals is called several times, then those variables are created and
destroyed, created and destroyed, over and over for each call, their lifespan is
intermittent
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2. Lifetime
• If a function with locals is called several times, then those variables are created and
destroyed, created and destroyed, over and over for each call, their lifespan is
intermittent
• The lifespan of a global variable is from the time its definition is encountered during
the execution of the whole program, until the program is finished 75
1
Value Symbol Name

n 1
77
• Does one thing. If it does too many things, it should be broken down into
multiple functions (refactored)
• Readable. How often should we say this? If you write it, it should be
readable
• Reusable .If it does one thing well, then when a similar situation (in another
program) occurs, use it there as well.
• Complete. A function should check for all the cases where it might be
invoked. Check for potential errors.
• Not too long. Kind of synonymous with do one thing. Use it as a measure of
doing too much.
79
Reminder, rules so far
1. Think before you program!
2. A program is a human-readable essay on problem solving that also happens to
execute on a computer.
3. The best way to improve your programming and problem solving skills is to
practice!
4. Test your code, often and thoroughly
5. If it was hard to write, it is probably hard to read. Add a comment.
6. A function should do one thing.
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82
83
84
85
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Important to do at home :
Read chapter 6
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EXAMPLE
Exercises
Write a Function that takes as input an integer value and returns the sum
of all integers less than that value.
For example,
if the input is 6, the output is 5+4+3+2+1 = 15.
If the input is negative, the output should be -1.
How many return should I have?
89
Exercises
Write a Python function that take from the user the range limit and
then take test number and check whether a number is in a given
range
90
Exercises
Write a Python function that take from the user the range limit.
if start less than end the swab between them and then print the all
numbers between them
91
1) Write a Python function that take list
then return a copy from the list.
2) Write a Python function that takes

two lists and returns True if they
have at least one common member .
3) Write a Python program to print a specified list after removing the 0th,
4th and 5th elements.

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When you want some data to be printed on the console print()

When you want to read the value of a variable input()

When you want to know the number of characters in string len()

Group of statements within a program that perform specific task.

There are two kinds of functions in Python

That are provided as part of Python.

• Functions help divide a program into modules.

We call these Reuse. Once written, use again 7

In general, functions come from at least three places:

def area_square (side) :

def area_square (side) : 2

def area_square (side) :

def area_square (side) :

• To define your own Python function, you use the ‘def’

• We follow the same rules when naming a function as we

Functions make your program run faster.

A function is a piece of code that performs a specific task.

All of the above

Calling a Python function

• To call a Python function at a place in your

Types of Python Function Parameters

 Default Parameters in Python

• Python Program Parameters can have default values.

Using argument name to pass the value.

Value Symbol Name

Default Parameters in Python

Passing any number of parameters

Python Keyword Parameters

 Return Effects and Results

• Executes the statements it contains, and then it returns a value back to

What If There Is No Return Statement?

In that case, what, if anything, is returned?

This function not return

• A Python function may optionally return a value.

 Multiple returns in a function

Error! Functions in Python must have a return statement.

• A variable isn’t visible everywhere and alive every time.

Python global Keyword

you can change me

• The basic rules for global keyword in Python are:

Value Symbol Name

2) Write a Python function that takes

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