Building Technology 5

PRE – STRESSED CONCRETE

PRE – TENSIONING
PRESENTED BY:
CASTILLA, CARL STEVEN
MANUEL, KIRK ANDREW B.
TAGOON, JAMES P.
TAPNIO, GECO G. 01 19
PRE – STRESSED CONCRETE

a type of reinforced concrete that has been pre-compressed or

pre-tensioned to improve its load resistance, notably against
tensile stresses. This construction method is used to develop
structurally sound and long-lasting buildings and
infrastructure.

PRE-TENSIONING: POST-TENSIONING

Steel tendons are tensioned before
the concrete is poured in pre-
tensioning. The tendons are anchored
to the ends of the member when the
concrete has developed sufficient
strength, causing compression in the
concrete.
Casting the concrete around ducts or
sleeves where the tendons are inserted is
called posttensioning. After the concrete
has hardened to a certain strength, the
tendons are tensioned and fastened with
hydraulic jacks.

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 pre-stressed concrete

PRE – TENSIONING
A concrete construction technology that improves the
structural performance of concrete elements by applying
tension to steel tendons before pouring the concrete. This
method is commonly used in construction to produce efficient
and long-lasting concrete components.
An overview of the pre-tensioning concrete system is provided
below:
• Preparation of Steel Tendons
• Formwork Setup
• Tensioning of Steel Tendons
• Concrete Pouring
• Curing and Hardening
• Release of Tension
• Cutting and Finishing

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 PRE – STRESSED CONCRETE

Advantage of Pre-Tensioning:
Increased Strength:
Pre-tensioned concrete elements can carry higher loads and span longer
distances compared to conventionally reinforced concrete.
Durability:
The pre-compression in the concrete reduces cracking and deformation,
leading to improved long-term performance
Material Efficiency:
Smaller cross-sections of concrete can be used, reducing the amount of
concrete required and cutting down on construction costs.
Flexibility in Design:
Pre-tensioned concrete offers greater design flexibility for architects and
engineers due to its enhanced strength and reduced structural depth.

To generate cost-effective and efficient constructions, pre-tensioning is extensively employed in the

building of beams, slabs, bridge girders, and other structural components

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Building Technology 5

SAMPLE STRUCTURES

STRUCTURES THAT USED

THE PRE-TENSIONED
METHOD

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

C O N STR U C TIO
N TIM ELIN E
BUR J
KHA
DUB AI,L I FA
UNITED
EM IR ATES
ARCHI TECT/ DESI GNER:
ADRI AN S MI TH AT S OM

COST:$ 1.5 billion USD.

CON STRU CTION 6 th January 2004
PERIOD: – 2nd December
HEIGHT:828m,839 top tip.
FLO OR COUN: 163
T: floors above ground, 153 +
9 maintenance levels, and 2
belowground parking levels
309,473
FLO OR A REA : sq.m
454, 249 sq.m
PROJ ECT AREA:

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

BURJ KHALIFA
The Burj Khalifa, located in Dubai, UAE, is the
tallest building in the world and has a central core
made of high-strength concrete. The building
features pre-tensioned concrete beams in its
construction. The pre-tensioned concrete beams
used in the Burj Khalifa are part of the tower's
floor system. The beams were cast in a factory and
then transported to the construction site. Each
beam was pre-tensioned using high-strength steel
tendons before being installed. The pre-tensioned
concrete beams used in the Burj Khalifa were
designed to support the weight of the building,
which is over 800,000 tons. The beams are also
designed to withstand the extreme wind loads and
seismic forces that the building may experience.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

AR CHITECTURE
• The architecture features a triple-lobed footprint,
an abstraction of the Hymenocallis flower. The
tower is composed of three elements arranged
around a central core. The modular, Y-shaped
structure, with setbacks along each of its three
wings, provides an inherently stable configuration
for the structure and provides good floor plates for
residential. Twenty-six helical levels decrease the
cross-section of the tower incrementally as it spirals
skyward.
• The central core emerges at the top and culminates
in a sculpted spire. A Y-shaped floor plan maximizes
views of the Arabian Gulf. Viewed from the base or
the air, Burj Khalifa is evocative of the onion domes
prevalent in Islamic architecture.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

FL OOR PLAN
• Concourse level to level 8 and levels 38 and 39 will
feature the Armani Hotel Dubai. Levels 9 to 16 will
exclusively house luxurious one and two-bedroom
Armani Residences.
• Floors 45 through 108 are private ultraluxury
residences. The Corporate Suites occupy most of
the remaining floors, except for level 122 which
houses Atmosphere, and level 124, the tower's
public observatory, At the Top, Burj Khalifa.
• •Other facilities for residents include a Residents'
Library, and Lafayette Gourmet, a gourmet
convenience store, and a meeting place for the
residents. Valet parking is provided for guests and
visitors.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

C O N ST RUCTI
ON
• Excavation work began for Burj Khalifa in January
2004 and over the ensuing years to its completion;
the building passed many important milestones on
its goal to become the tallest man-made structure
the world has ever seen. In just 1,325 days since
excavation work started in January 2004, Burj
Khalifa became the tallest free-standing structure
in the world.
HI GHL I GHTS:
• Burj Khalifa's construction will have used 330,000
m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 39,000 tonnes
(43,000 ST; 38,000 LT) of steel rebar, and
construction will have taken 22 million man-hours.
• The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa began in May
2007 and was completed in September 2009
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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

FO UNDATIO
N
• Weighs about 500,00 tons, and rests
on a 3.7m thick triangular frame
foundation.

• Supported by round steel piles

measuring 1.5min diameter and
extending 50m below the ground.

• 194 piles were used to avoid the FO U N D ATIO N STR UC TU R A L FR A M E

SY STEM
sinking of the structure.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

P ET RO NAS
TW I N
TOW
KUA LA E
LURM PU R ,
M ALAY SIA
ARCHI TECT/ DESI GNER:
CÉS AR P ELLI

COST:$ 1.6 billion USD.

CON STRU CTION Petronas Twin Tower took 6 years to
PERIOD: finish from the construction of the
pile until opening
452 m
HEIGHT:

FLO OR COUN:Each
T: tower has 88 floors with 5 underground
levels for park & mechanical services

395,000
FLO OR A REA : sq.m

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

P ETR ONAS TWIN

TOWER
• Petronas Twin Towers, a pair of skyscraper office buildings in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, are among the world’s tallest buildings. The Petronas Twin Towers
used pre-tensioned concrete in the foundation, core columns, and skybridge
to counter wind and water loads. The 200-pile raft foundation, high-strength
concrete core columns, and pre-tensioned concrete sky bridge reduce
weight and increase wind resistance. Pre-tensioned concrete was also used
in floor slabs and beams, ensuring the towers' structural integrity and
achieving record-breaking height.
• The interior motifs are designed to resemble Malaysia’s local handicrafts
and weaving patterns, with a stunning combination of stainless steel and
glass finishing on the building to form beautiful Islamic patterns. The design
of each tower floor plate is based on simple Islamic geometric forms of two
interlocking squares, creating the shape of an eight-pointed star.
Architecturally, these forms represent the important Islamic principles of
unity, harmony, stability and rationality.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

AR CHITECTURE
• Islamic art and geometry serve as architectural inspiration for
the towers' design. Each tower's floor plate is an eight-pointed
star, a repeating theme in Islamic architecture. The buildings'
exteriors are coated with steel and glass curtain walls. The
facade's steel columns and spires give the towers a sleek and
futuristic appearance. The reflective glass not only contributes
to its aesthetic appeal but also aids in heat and light
regulation. The double-decker sky bridge that connects the
two skyscrapers is an eye-catching feature. It functions as both
a functioning corridor for building tenants moving between
towers and an observation deck for visitors. It is placed on the
41st and 42nd floors and provides breathtaking views of Kuala
Lumpur.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

FL O OR PLAN
• The Petronas Twin Towers' floor plan features a repeating pattern of office floors in both
Tower 1 and Tower 2, with each tower having an identical arrangement. Here's a condensed
description of the Petronas Twin Towers' usual floorplan:

• Ground Floor: the main entrance features a grand lobby with security checkpoints, visitor
reception areas, and access to elevators and escalators.
• Typical Office Floors (5th to 88th Floor): office floors are designed for commercial tenants
and feature open floor plans with a central core area.
• Skybridge (41st and 42nd Floor): viewing areas and provides an opportunity for building
occupants and visitors to move between the two towers.
• Mechanical Floors: Mechanical floors that house building systems, equipment, and
utilities. These floors are essential for the functioning of the towers but are not used for
office space.
• Observation Deck: Known as the "Skybridge Level." This level is not a typical office floor but
offers breathtaking views of Kuala Lumpur and is open to visitors.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

C O N ST RUCTI
ON
• The Petronas Twin Towers were a massive engineering
and construction project that took several years to
complete. On August 31, 1999, these landmark towers in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were officially opened to the
public. The construction process combined innovative
engineering, cutting-edge technology, and collaboration
among numerous international firms. The Petronas Twin
Towers were built using cutting-edge engineering and
construction techniques, making them an architectural
marvel as well as a symbol of Malaysia's modernity and
prosperity. The project was the result of collaboration
among a number of foreign firms, and it served as a
tribute to human intellect and innovation in skyscraper
construction.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

FO UNDATIO
N
• The Petronas Twin Towers, located in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, rely heavily on their foundation for structural
stability and safety. Given the area's delicate soil
characteristics, the foundation had to be precisely designed
and built to hold the enormous weight of the Twin Towers.
The soft and compressible soil in the vicinity posed the
most difficult problem during foundation construction. The
towers might have settled unevenly or faced stability
concerns if suitable foundation design and engineering
were not used.
• Extensive soil testing and geotechnical studies were done
to better understand the qualities and behavior of the soil,
which led to the adoption of a raft foundation with deep
piles for enhanced stability.

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 PR E -T E N SIO N E D
ST R U C T U R E

FO UNDATIO
N that the immense weight of the towers
• To ensure
was appropriately supported without producing
differential settling, the foundation's construction
required precision and careful coordination. The
Petronas Twin Towers' foundation was a key
engineering effort that solved the obstacles
provided by Kuala Lumpur's soft soil conditions. It
provided the famous twin towers with essential
stability and support, allowing them to stand as the
world's tallest structures when finished in 1998.
STR U C TU R A L FR A M E
SY STEM

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E ND OF PRESENTATION

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