4AIML1011 - Artificial

Intelligence
Course Learning Objectives
 This course introduces students to the
fundamental concepts of artificial
intelligence.
 The course will cover basic ideas and
techniques underlying the design of
intelligent computer systems.
Course Outcomes (COs):
 CO1 - Elucidate the basic concepts of
Artificial Intelligence
 CO2 - Analyse Artificial Intelligence
techniques, such as search algorithms, for
problem solving
 CO3 - Apply techniques of Knowledge
Representation and Planning
 CO4 - Apply knowledge of reasoning in the
presence of incomplete or uncertain
information
 CO5 - Explain different forms of Learning
Syllabus
BOOKS and REFERENCES
 TEXT BOOKS:
 [1] Peter Norvig, Stuart J. Russell, Artificial
Intelligence A Modern Approach, Prentice Hall, 2015,
ISBN-13: 978-9332543515
 REFERENCES:
 [1] Kevin Knight, Elaine Rich, Artificial Intelligence,
McGraw Hill Education, 2017, ISBN13: 978-
0070087705
 [2] Nils Nilsson, Morgan Kaufmann, Artificial
Intelligence: A New Synthesis, Tata McGraw Hill &
Company, 1998, ISBN-13: 9781558605350
What is AI?
 Artificial intelligence is intelligence
demonstrated by machines, unlike the
natural intelligence displayed by humans
and animals, which involves consciousness
and emotionality.
 Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of
a digital computer or computer-
controlled robot to perform tasks
commonly associated with intelligent
beings.
Why AI?
 Artificial intelligence forms the basis for all
computer learning and is the future of all complex
decision making.
 Artificial Intelligence enhances the speed,
precision and effectiveness of human efforts.
 In financial institutions, AI techniques can be
used to identify which transactions are likely to
be fraudulent, adopt fast and accurate credit
scoring, as well as automate manually intense
data management tasks.
 Applications of AI:
1.Automation: AI can automate repetitive and labour-intensive tasks, increasing
efficiency and reducing the need for human intervention. This can save time and
resources in industries like manufacturing, customer service, and logistics.
2.Data Analysis: AI can process and analyze vast amounts of data much faster and
more accurately than humans. This ability is crucial in fields such as healthcare,
finance, and marketing, where data-driven decisions can lead to better outcomes.
3.Problem Solving: AI can tackle complex problems that may be beyond the
capabilities of humans. For example, it can help optimize supply chains, develop
new drug compounds, or predict natural disasters.
4.Personalization: AI can provide personalized experiences and recommendations
in areas like e-commerce, streaming services, and advertising, enhancing user
satisfaction and engagement.
Applications of AI:

5. Healthcare: AI can assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing diseases,

analysing medical images, and predicting patient outcomes. It can improve patient
care and potentially save lives.
6. Safety and Security: AI can enhance security measures by detecting anomalies,
identifying potential threats, and monitoring large-scale networks, making it valuable
in cybersecurity and law enforcement.
7. Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants
can interact with users in natural language, improving customer service, and
facilitating communication.
8. Autonomous Systems: AI powers self-driving cars, drones, and robots, which
have applications in transportation, delivery, agriculture, and more.
Applications of AI:

9. Scientific Research: AI can accelerate scientific research by analysing data,

simulating experiments, and discovering patterns that may be challenging for humans
to uncover.
10. Accessibility: AI can make technology more accessible to people with disabilities
by providing speech recognition, text-to-speech, and other assistive technologies.
11. Predictive Maintenance: In industrial settings, AI can predict when equipment
or machinery is likely to fail, allowing for preventive maintenance and reducing
downtime.
12. Energy Efficiency: AI can optimize energy consumption in buildings, factories,
and transportation systems, contributing to sustainability efforts.
Applications of AI:

13. Innovation: AI fosters innovation by enabling the development of new

applications and technologies that can transform industries and create new markets.

14. Scalability: AI systems can handle tasks at a scale and speed that would be
impractical for humans, making it indispensable in the digital age.

15. Cost Reduction: In the long run, AI can help organizations reduce operational
costs by automating tasks and improving resource allocation.
 History of AI
Foundations of AI (1940s-1950s):
• Alan Turing and the Turing Test (1950):

British mathematician Alan Turing proposed the idea of a

"universal machine" capable of performing any
computation. He also introduced the concept of the Turing
Test to determine a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behaviour.
 History of AI
Early AI Research (1950s-1960s):
Dartmouth Workshop (1956): The term "artificial
intelligence" was coined at the Dartmouth Workshop, a
conference organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky,
Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon. They aimed to
develop machines that could simulate human intelligence.

Logic Theorist (1956): Allen Newell and Herbert A.

Simon created the Logic Theorist program, which could
prove mathematical theorems.
 History of AI
• General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957): Newell and
Simon also developed GPS, a more generalized problem-
solving program.
• Perceptrons (1960s): Frank Rosenblatt introduced the
perceptron, a type of artificial neural network, which
marked an early attempt at machine learning.
AI Winter (1970s-1980s):
• Progress in AI research slowed due to unrealistic
expectations and limited computing power, leading to a
period known as the "AI winter."
 History of AI
Expert Systems (1980s):
1.The focus shifted to expert systems, which used
knowledge-based rules to solve specific problems.
These systems found applications in fields like
medicine and finance.
Machine Learning Revival (1990s):
2.Advances in machine learning, neural networks, and
algorithms reignited interest in AI.
3.Reinforcement Learning (1992): Gerald Tesauro
developed a backgammon-playing program called TD-
Gammon using reinforcement learning.
History of AI
Deep Blue (1997): IBM's Deep Blue computer defeated
world chess champion Garry Kasparov, showcasing the
power of brute-force computation in AI.
Rise of the Internet and Big Data (2000s):
1.The internet and the proliferation of data provided new
opportunities for AI research.
2.Search Engines and Recommendation Systems:
Companies like Google and Amazon implemented AI
algorithms to improve search and recommendations.
 History of AI
Deep Learning and Neural Networks (2010s):
1.Advances in deep learning, fuelled by larger datasets
and improved hardware, led to significant
breakthroughs in AI.
2.ImageNet Competition (2012): The ImageNet Large
Scale Visual Recognition Challenge marked the rise of
deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image
classification.
 History of AI

• AlphaGo (2016): DeepMind's AlphaGo defeated the world

champion Go player, showcasing AI's ability to handle
complex strategy games.

• AI in Everyday Life (2020s and Beyond):

1. AI technologies continue to advance and are integrated
into various aspects of daily life, including self-driving
cars, virtual assistants, and healthcare applications.