ETL Jobs

Extract, Transform, Load

 • ETL Stands for Extract, Transform,
Load, and ETL Jobs refer to the
processes and workflows involved

Introduction
in extracting data from various
sources, transforming it into a
consistent and usable format, and
loading it into a target system for
further analysis , reporting , or
storage.
Importance of ETL in Data
Integration and analytics
• Data Consolidation
• Data Transformation
• Data Consistency
• Data Integration
• Decision- Making and Analytics
• Data Warehousing
• Real-Time Data Processing
Extract Phase
• The Extract Phase is the First Step in the ETL process . In this
Phase , data is Extracted from various sources and brought
into a staging area or temporary storage for further
processing .
• The Extract Phase is the foundation for subsequent Transform
and Load phases of the ETL process. It retrieves the required
data from diverse sources and loading processes to convert
raw data into valuable insights and actionable information.
Data Sources and Data Extraction
Methods
Data Sources:- The Extract Phase involve
identifying and connecting to the data
sources from which data needs to be
extracted . These sources can include
databases (relational databases , Data
warehouses) . Files (CSV , Excel , XML),
web services , APIs , or other systems
that hold relevant data.
Data Extraction Method:- Different
Techniques are used to extract data from
identified sources. This can includes
executing SQL queries to retrieve data
from databases , reading files directly ,
invoking web services or APIs to pull
data, or using specialized connectors and
tools that facilitate data extraction.
Challenges in Extracting Data
• Data Volume
• Data Complexity and Structure
• Data Quality and Integrity
• Performance and Latency
• Security and Access Control
• Data Source Connectivity
Transform Phase
The Transform Phase is the Second step in the ETL process. The Primary
objective of this phase is to apply various data transformations to the
extracted data before loading it into the target destination , such as a data
warehouse or a database. During the Transform phase, the extracted data
undergoes several operations to ensure it is in a suitable format for analysis
and to meet the requirements to the target system.
 Data Cleaning Data Integration

Activities take
Data
place during Transformation
Data Enrichment
Transform phase

Data Validation Metadata

and Quality Generation
Challenges in Transform
Phase
• Data Quality and Integrity
• Scalability
• Performance
• Data Transformation Logic
• Data Security and Compliance
• Error Handling and Auditing
• Data Consistency and Referential
Load Phase
The Load Phase is the Final step after the data has been extracted
from the source systems and transformed. The Load phase involves
loading the transformed data into the target destination , typically a
data warehouse , database , or any other storage system for further
analysis, reporting, and querying purposes. By loading the data into a
suitable target system and ensuring its integrity and quality ,
organizations can leverage the transformed data to gain valuable
insights and make informed business decisions .
 Full Load :- It involves loading all the data from the sources systems
into the target destination every time the ETL process runs. In this
strategy , the entire datasets is extracted , transformed and loaded
into the target system, replacing any existing data.

Data
Loading
Incremental Load :- It involves loading only the changes or updates
that have occurred in the sources systems since the last load. This
strategy identifies and captures new or modified records based on
timestamps or other indicators of change

Strategies Delta Load :- It is a variation of the incremental load strategy and

specially focuses on capturing the changes or deltas in the data. In
delta load, instead of identifying and loading in the individual
updated records, it captures the changes that have occurred in the
source system since the last load. These changes are stored in a
separate delta file or table. This delta file/table is then processed
during the ETL process to apply the changes to the target system,
ensuring it stays synchronized with the sources system.
Data Indexing and Data Partitioning

Data Partitioning :- Partitioning involves dividing a large

Data Indexing :- Indexing involves creating indexes on
table into smaller, more manageable partitions based
specific columns of a table to speed up data retrieval
on specific criteria, such as a range of values, a list of
during querying operations . In ETL, indexes can be
values, or a hash function. Partitioning provides several
created on columns that are frequently used in join
benefits in the ETL process, such as improved query
conditions, filtering operations, or data lookups . By
performance, reduced I/O operations, and parallel
creating appropriate indexes, the ETL process can
processing capabilities. By partitioning the data, the ETL
efficiently access and retrieve data, reducing the overall
process can operate on smaller subsets of the data,
processing time . Popular indexing techniques include B-
allowing for faster data loading and transformation
tree indexes, bitmap indexes, and hash indexes. The
operations. Partitioning can be based on various factors,
choice of index type depends on the nature of the data
such as date ranges, geographical regions, or other
and the specific querying patterns.
relevant attributes of the data.
Error Handling during Loading Phase

Error handling during the loading process in ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) is crucial to
ensure the integrity and reliability of the loaded data. Proper error handling mechanisms
should be implemented to capture, handle, and resolve errors that may occur during the
loading phase. Here are some key aspects of error handling during the loading process:-
• Error Logging and Notifications
• Error Classification and Prioritization
• Error Handling Mechanisms
• Error Retry and Recovery
• Error Monitoring and Analysis
ETL Tools and Technologies

Microsoft SQL
Informatica IBM InfoSphere Talend Data
Server Integration
PowerCentre DataStage Integration
Services (SSIS)

Oracle Data Pentaho Data

Apache Spark
Integrator Integration
Thank You