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AE2303 Aerodynamics 2 NOL
AE2303 Aerodynamics 2 NOL
AERODYNAMICS-II
Dr.S.Elangovan
Introduction
Review of prerequisite elements
– Perfect gas
– Thermodynamics laws
– Isentropic flow
– Conservation laws
Speed of sound
– Analogous concept
– Derivation of speed of sound
Mach number
Review of prerequisite elements
u u (T )
h u RT T
s2 s1 cv ln 2 R ln 1
T1 2
dh c p dT
T P
s2 s1 c p ln 2 R ln 2
du cv dT T1 P1
R cv
c p cv R T2 s s
exp 2 1 2
T1 c v 1
cp
T2 s2 s1 P2
R cp
cv exp
T1 c p P1
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
q w e
Tds de pd
Tds dh dp
q
ds
T
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
1
R 1
T2 2
cv
1
T2 P2 2
2
T1 1 1 T1 P1 1
R 1
T2 P2 cp P P2 2
2
T1 P1 P1 P1 1
P
constant
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
1 m
m 2
Conservation of mass (steady flow):
1V1 A1 2V2 A2
Rate of mass Rate of mass
enters control = leaves control VA ( d )(V dV )( A dA)
volume volume
VAd AdV VdA 0
d dV dA
0
d V A
flow V dV
V 1 2
A dA If r is constant (incompressible):
A
dx dV dA
V A
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
F Fp m V 2 m V 1
p p dp
flow d
1 2
V V dV
A A dA Euler equation (frictionless flow):
dx
V2 dp
constant
2
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
Basic principle:
• Change of energy in a CV is related to
energy transfer by heat, work, and energy in
the mass flow.
dECV V 2
V 2
Q W m i ui i
gzi m e u e e
gze
dt 2 2
Fp pA W p FpV W W CV W p
m AV m v AV W p W e W i
W p m pv
dECV V 2
V 2
Q W CV m e pe ve m i pi vi m i ui i gzi m e u e e gze
dt 2 2
dECV V 2
V 2
Q WCV mi ui pi vi i
gzi me u e pe ve
e
gze
dt 2 2
h u pv
dECV V 2
V 2
Q W CV m i hi i
gzi m e he e
gze Most important form
dt 2 2 of energy balance.
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
V 2 V 2
Q W m e he e m i hi i
2 2
dq dw he hi
Ve2 Vi2
2
T T dT h c pT
flow
h 1 2 h dh
V V dV For adiabatic flow (no heat transfer)
and no work:
dx
c p dT VdV 0
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
Conservation laws
Conservation of mass
ddV dA
(compressible flow): m 1 m 2 0
V A
dP
Conservation of F Fp m V 2 m V 1 VdV 0
momentum
(frictionless flow):
dq dw h h
V e
2
Vi 2 c p dT VdV 0
e i
Conservation of energy 2
(adiabatic):
Group Exercises 1
1. Given that standard atmospheric conditions for air at 150C are a
pressure of 1.013 bar and a density of 1.225kg, calculate the gas
constant for air. Ans: R=287.13J/kgK
2. The value of Cv for air is 717J/kgK. The value of R=287 J/kgK.
Calculate the specific enthalpy of air at 200C. Derive a relation
connecting Cp, Cv, R. Use this relation to calculate Cp for air using
the information above. Ans: h=294.2kJ/kgK,Cp=1.004kJ/kgK
3. Air is stored in a cylinder at a pressure of 10 bar, and at a room
temperature of 250C. How much volume will 1kg of air occupy
inside the cylinder? The cylinder is rated for a maximum pressure of
15 bar. At what temperature would this pressure be reached? Ans:
V=0.086m2, T=1740C.
Speed of sound
Sounds are the small pressure disturbances in the gas around us,
analogous to the surface ripples produced when still water is disturbed
P dP P P dP P
d d
T dT T T dT T
V dV V 0 V a dV
V a
m aA d a dV A
d dV P2 2 For
a P1 1 isentropic flow
P
constant
PA P dPA m a dV m a dP P
dP adV d
P
a RT
Mach Number
M=V/a
M<1 Subsonic
M=1 Sonic Distance traveled =
speed x time = 4at
M>1 Supersonic
M>5 Hypersonic
Distance traveled = at
Zone of Source of
silence disturbance
If M=0 Region of
influence
Mach Number cont.
Original location
of source of
disturbance
Source of
disturbance
If M=0.5
Mach Number cont.
ut Original location
ut of source of
ut ut disturbance
Direction
of motion
Source of
disturbance
Mach wave:
If M=2 at 1
sin
ut M
Normal and Oblique
Shock
θ2 − θ1 = ν(M2) − ν(M1)
Rayleigh flow
Rayleigh flow refers to diabetic flow through a
constant area duct where the effect of heat addition
or rejection is considered. Compressibility effects
often come into consideration, although the Rayleigh
flow model certainly also applies to incompressible
flow. For this model, the duct area remains constant
and no mass is added within the duct. Therefore,
unlike Fanno flow, the stagnation temperature is a
variable.
Rayleigh flow
The heat addition causes a decrease in stagnation
pressure, which is known as the Rayleigh effect and
is critical in the design of combustion systems. Heat
addition will cause both supersonic and subsonic
Mach numbers to approach Mach 1, resulting in
choked flow. Conversely, heat rejection decreases a
subsonic Mach number and increases a supersonic
Mach number along the duct. It can be shown that
for calorically perfect flows the maximum entropy
occurs at M = 1. Rayleigh flow is named after John
Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh.
Solving the differential equation leads to the relation shown
below, where T0* is the stagnation temperature at the throat
location of the duct which is required for thermally choking the
flow.
These values are significant in the design of combustion
systems. For example, if a turbojet combustion chamber has a
maximum temperature of T0* = 2000 K, T0 and M at the
entrance to the combustion chamber must be selected so
thermal choking does not occur, which will limit the mass flow
rate of air into the engine and decrease thrust.
For the Rayleigh flow model, the dimensionless change in
entropy relation is shown below.
Fanno flow
Fanno flow refers to adiabatic flow through a constant area
duct where the effect of friction is considered.Compressibility
effects often come into consideration, although the Fanno flow
model certainly also applies to incompressible flow. For this
model, the duct area remains constant, the flow is assumed to
be steady and one-dimensional, and no mass is added within
the duct. The Fanno flow model is considered an irreversible
process due to viscous effects. The viscous friction causes the
flow properties to change along the duct. The frictional effect is
modeled as a shear stress at the wall acting on the fluid with
uniform properties over any cross section of the duct.
Fanno flow
For a flow with an upstream Mach number greater
than 1.0 in a sufficiently long enough duct,
deceleration occurs and the flow can become
choked. On the other hand, for a flow with an
upstream Mach number less than 1.0, acceleration
occurs and the flow can become choked in a
sufficiently long duct. It can be shown that for flow of
calorically perfect gas the maximum entropy occurs
at M = 1.0. Fanno flow is named after Gino Girolamo
Fanno.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF
MOTION FOR STEADY COMPRESSIBLE
FLOWS
TRANSONIC FLOW OVER WING