Chapter 1 Slides

Introduction
◦ The chapter will address the following questions:

◦ What is the systems analyst’s role and responsibilities in the modern business?
◦ Why are organizations recruiting computer end-users to partner with the traditional
systems analyst?
◦ What are the roles of systems analysts and business users in systems problem solving?
◦ Where are the career opportunities for systems analysts?
◦ Who are the systems analyst’s customers and partners in systems development?
Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Systems Analysis & Design Methods 4ed
by J. L. Whitten & L. D. Bentley
Introduction
 The chapter will address the following questions:

 What business trends and drivers are influencing the careers of
systems analysts?
 How can you prepare yourself for a career as a systems or
business analyst?
 What does the future hold for systems analysts?

Who Should Read This Book
 What is an Information System?

 An information system is
1. an arrangement of people, data, processes, interfaces, networks,
and technology that interact for the purpose of supporting and
improving both day-to-day operations in a business (sometimes
called data processing),
2. as well as supporting the problem solving and decision making
needs of management (sometimes called information services).
 What is a Computer Application System?
 A computer application is computer-based solution to one or
more business problems and needs. One or more computer
applications are typically contained within an information system.
 The Systems Analyst - A Key Resource

 Many organizations consider information systems and
computer applications as essential to their ability to compete
or gain competitive advantage.
 Information has become a management resource equal in
importance to property, facilities, employees, and capital.
 All workers need to participate in the development of these
systems and applications – not just the computer and
information specialists.
 But one specialist plays a special role in systems and
applications development, the systems analyst.
 1.A systems analyst(s) facilitates the development of
information systems and computer applications.

 The Systems Analyst - A Key Resource

 The systems analyst performs systems analysis and design.
 Systems analysis is the 2 study of a business problem domain
for the purpose of recommending improvements and specifying

the business requirements for the solution.
 Systems design is the specification or construction of a
technical, computer-based solution for the business

requirements identified in a systems analysis. (Note:
Increasingly, the design takes the form of a working
prototype.).

The Systems Analyst As A Modern
Business Problem Solver
 Why do businesses need Systems Analysts?
 3.The system analyst bridges the communications gap between
those who need the computer and those who understand the
technology.

 What is a Systems Analyst?
 Systems analysts are people who understand both business and
computing.
 1.Systems analysts study business problems and opportunities and
then transform business and information requirements of the
business into the computer-based information systems and
computer applications that are implemented by various technical
specialists including computer programmers.

 A formal definition:
 4.A systems analyst facilitates the study of the problems and
needs of a business to determine how the business system and

information technology can best solve the problem and
accomplish improvements for the business. The product of this
activity may be improved business processes, improved
information systems, or new or improved computer
applications frequently all three.

 2.When information technology is used, the systems analyst is
responsible for:
 the efficient capture of data from its business source
 the flow of that data to the computer
 the processing and storage of that data by the computer
 the flow of useful and timely information back to the business
and its people

 Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the
combination of computer technology (hardware and software)
with telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice
networks).
 5.A systems analyst is a business problem solver.
 A systems analyst helps the business by solving its problems
using system concepts and information technology.

 6.A systems analyst sell business management and computer
users the services of information technology.
 A systems analyst sells change.

 The role of systems analyst is changing into two distinct positions
or roles, 7.business analyst and application analyst.
 A business analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in
business problem analysis and technology-independent

requirements analysis.
 An application analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in
application design and technology-dependent aspects of

development. A synonym is system or application architect.

 What Does A System Analyst Do?
 A system analyst is a system-oriented problem solver.
 System problem solving is the act of studying a problem
environment in order to implement corrective solutions that

take the form of new or improved systems.
 Most systems analysts use some variation of a system problem
solving approach called a system development .
 A systems development (SD) is a systematic and orderly
approach to solving system problems.

 8.The SD usually incorporates the following general-purpose
problem solving steps:
 Planning - identify the scope and boundary of the problem,
and plan the development strategy and goals.

 Analysis - study and analyze the problems, causes, and
effects. Then, identify and analyze the requirements that must

be fulfilled by any successful solution.
 Design - if necessary, design the solution not all solutions
require design.
 Implementation - implement the solution.
 Support - analyze the implemented solution, refine the design,
and implement improvements to the solution. Different support

situations can thread back into the previous steps.
Obsolete solution Problem to be solved
Planning
Related problem to be solved

Support Analysis
New solution
Implementation
to same problem
error
to be fixed
Problem analysis
and
Implemented
Solution requirements
solution
Implemen- Acceptable
Design
tation solution

 3.System analysts are responsible for other aspects of a system
including:
 PEOPLE, including managers, users, and other developers –
and including the organizational behaviors and politics that

occur when people interact with one another.
 DATA, including capture, validation, organization, storage,
and usage.
 PROCESSES, both automated and manual, that combine to
process data and produce information.

 INTERFACES, both to other systems and applications, as well
to the actual users (e.g., reports and display screens).

 NETWORKS, which effectively distribute data, processes, and
information to the people.
 Where Do System Analysts Work?
 Systems analysts can be found in most businesses; however, the
organization of information services in many businesses is in
turmoil as those businesses reorganize to improve service, quality,
and value.

 The Systems Analyst in the Traditional Business.
 Information services are centralized for the entire organization
or a specific line of business.

• Information Services reports directly to chief executive officer, or
the chief executive for a line of business.
• The highest ranking information officer is a vice president,
sometimes called a chief information officer (CIO).

 Information Services is organized according to the following
functions or centers:
• Systems and Applications Development.
– Most systems analysts work here, along with most
programmers.
– The systems analysts and programmers are organized into
permanent teams that support the information systems and
applications for specific business functions.
– The Systems and Applications Development unit may include
a development center.
– A development center establishes and enforces the methods,
tools, techniques,
Prepared byand
Kevin C.quality
Dittman for of all development projects.
functions or centers: (continued)

• Data Administration
– This center manages the data and information resource in the
organization.
– Data Administration usually employ several systems analyst-
like specialists called data analysts who analyze database
requirements and design and construct the corresponding
databases.


• Telecommunications
– This center designs, constructs, and manages the computer
networks that have become integral to most businesses.
– Network analysts perform many of the same tasks as applied to
designing local and wide area networks that will ultimately be
used by systems and applications.


• End-User Computing
– This center supports the growing base of personal computers
and local area networks in end user community.
– They provide installation services, training, and help desk
services (call-in help for various PC related problems).
– In mature businesses, they also provide standards and
consulting to end users who develop their own systems with
PC power tools such as spreadsheets and PC database
management systems.
– In this latterPrepared
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consultants. by J. L. Whitten & L. D. Bentley

• Computer Operations
– This center runs all of the shared computers including
mainframes, minicomputers, and non-departmental servers.
– This unit rarely employs systems analysts.

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
or
Line of Business Chief Executive
VP of Information Services
or
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
Manager Data Telecommunications Manager Manager.

Systems Development Administrator Administrator End User Computing Computer Operations
Manager Network
Database End User System
Development Analysts
Administrators Consultants Programmers
Center
Manager
Data Network End User Capacity
Financial
Analysts Managers Trainers Analyst
Systems
Manager
Database
Marketing Network Computer
Analysts
Systems Technicians Operators
Manager
Manufacturing
Systems
Systems
Analysts

Application
Programmers
 Modern Information Services in a Business
 Dramatic reorganization trend in medium-to-large information
services units that is highly decentralized with a focus on

empowerment and dynamic teams .
 Result is a federation of information systems centers that
report directly to their functional business units (or groups of

business units).
• Each of these centers is empowered to set priorities and make
decisions on behalf of their constituent management and users.

Chief Executive Officer (CEO) indicates dynamic
or assignments
Line of Business Chief Executive to teams
as needed
Chief Information Officer (CIO) Vice President Vice President Vice President
(for central information services) Finance Marketing Manufacturing
Information Information
Departmental
Strategy Technology
Computing coordinate advise evaluate
Planning Competency
Coordination
Team Centers
Manager Manager Manager

Information Project
Financial Financial Financial
Technology Managers
Information Information Information
Architecture
Services Services Services
Team
Data Database
Administrator Specialists
Cross-Functional Network Network Network
Systems & Manager Manager Manager
Applications
Development Teams
Telecommuni- Network Analyst/ Analyst/
Analyst/
cations Specialists Programmers Programmers
Programmers
Administrator Team Team
Team
Application
Technology
Specialists
Other
Technical Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for
Specialists Systems Analysis & Design Methods 4ed
 Decentralized information services can, however, lead to
information anarchy and systems that do not interoperate to the

benefit of the business as a whole.
 There will always be systems and applications that support
more than one business function perhaps the entire enterprise.

• These are called cross-functional applications.
 There still exists a need for a central Information Services unit.

 The central Information Services unit is responsible for:
• Information Strategy Planning

– The information strategy planning team establishes direction
and priorities for aligning information services for the entire
business with the corporate mission, vision, and goals.
– Experienced systems analysts often play key roles in
development.

(continued)
• Information Technology Architecture
• An information technology architecture team establishes and
maintains a blueprint for which technologies will be approved for
the entire business, including the decentralized information
services centers.

(continued)
• Information Technology Competency Centers
– The centers provide a pool of technology specific specialists
which are provided to both centralized and decentralized units
for project work.
– Each expert contributes their expertise to any project to which
they are assigned, for both centralized and decentralized
projects.

(continued)
• Cross Functional Systems and Applications Development
– This center develops and supports the shared information
systems and cross-functional applications for the business.
– This center employs experienced systems analysts.
– As projects are started and completed, both systems analysts
and technical specialists are assigned to and released from
project teams.

(continued)
• Departmental Computing Coordination
– This unit provides both consulting services and quality
management services to the decentralized information and
computing centers.
– Experienced systems analysts may be employed here to help
establish standards and guidelines, and to provide training and
consultation to departmental projects.

 Outsourcing in the Modern Business
 Outsourcing is the act of contracting a service or function to
an external third party.

 Typically, the business must retain enough of a central
Information Services unit to monitor and manage the

outsourcing agreement.
 Some mission critical information services functions and
projects may not be outsourced.

 Outsourcing in the Modern Business
 As many as fifty percent of medium-to-large businesses have
already outsourced some or all of the their information

services.
 Why?
• The initial business driver was cost reduction.

 The Gartner Group predicts that 70% or more of businesses
will be outsourcing information services by the year 2000.
 Many systems analysts (and other computer professionals) can
expect to be ‘absorbed’ by outsourcing.

 Outsourcers must retain a high quality, technically competent
work force of information technology managers and specialists

including systems analysts.
 Consulting
 Management and systems consulting firms build information
systems and applications for other organizations.

 The systems analysts employed by management consulting
firms are usually called management consultants or systems

consultants.
• They are loaned (for a fee) to the client for engagements (a
consulting term that means ‘project’) that result in a new system
for the client.
• Once the engagement is completed, they are reassigned to a new
engagement, frequently for a new business client. Sometimes there
are an everlasting client such as zahir , we also paid for one year
for using the system by cloud computing data
 Consulting (continued)
 A variation on consulting firms is systems integration.
 System integration involves helping organizations integrating
systems and applications that don’t work together properly, or

that run on very different technical platforms from different
computer manufacturers. Example : integrate inventory data
with accounting data in one system
• Systems analysts that specialize in systems integration are
frequently called systems engineers or systems integrators.

 Application Software Solution Providers
 Application software solution providers are in the business of
building information systems and application software

packages for resale to other businesses.
 Many businesses have a policy of not building any system they
can purchase.
 Software packages are typically written to the greatest common
denominator of their intended market – that is, they are

designed to meet general requirements and offer limited
customizability.

 Application Software Solution Providers
 Software and solutions vendors usually hire two types of
systems analyst.
• Software engineers, are responsible for designing (and
programming) the package itself.
• Sales engineers, are responsible for helping customers that
purchase the package to integrate it into their business operations.

Customers, Partners and Expectations
 Customers – Users and Management
 What is a user?
 A user is a person, or group of persons, for whom the systems
analyst builds and maintains business information systems and

computer applications. A common system is client.
 There are at least two specific user/customer groups: system
users and system owners.

• System users are those individuals who either have direct contact
with an information system or application or they use information
generated by a system.
• System owners provide sponsorship of information systems and
computer applications. In other words, they pay to have the
systems and applications developed and maintained.
 Customers – Users and Management
 A manager can also be one of the end users of a system.
 Two types of system users:
 Traditionally, most system users were internal users, that is
employees of the business for which a system or application is

designed.
 Today’s user community includes external users as businesses
seek to make their information systems and applications

interoperate with other businesses and the consumer.
 Information technology managers and system analysts are making
a demonstrated attempt to get closer to their customers by forming
a partnership.
 The Roles of Management and Users in Systems
Problem Solving
 The roles of management and users in:
 Planning
• Management must sponsor and fund all projects.

• Users must define the domain and boundaries of the problem.
 Analysis
• As subject matter experts, management and users must analyze the
problem domain for causes, effects, and opportunities; as well as
communicate the requirements to be fulfilled by any successful
solution, regardless of technology chosen.
 Design
• Users must react to high-level solution designs and participate in
the solution’s Systems
design. Analysis & Design Methods 4ed
 The Roles of Management and Users in Systems
Problem Solving
 The roles of management and users in:
 Implementation
• Users participate in system construction and testing. They are the

recipients of training necessary to enable the full user community
to work with the solution.
 Support
• Users and management should routinely evaluate the working
solution and suggest improvements.

 Modern Business Trends and Implications for the
System Analyst
 Systems analysts must keep up with rapidly changing
technologies, but today’s priorities are rapidly shifting from
technology-driven solutions to business-driven solutions.
 Total Quality Management (TQM)
 One of the majors business trends of the 1990s is Total Quality
Management.
• Total Quality Management or TQM is a comprehensive
approach to facilitating quality improvements and management
within a business.
• TQM commitments require every business function, including
information services, identify quality indicators, measure quality,
and make appropriate changes to improve quality.
System Analyst
 Total Quality Management (TQM)
 TQM impacts systems analysts on at least two fronts.
• First, the very nature of systems analysis encourages analysts to

look for business quality problems.
– The two most important questions in the analyst’s repertoire
are ‘why’ and ‘why not.’
• Second, systems analysis and design provides the specifications
for the #1 quality problem in modern information systems buggy
software.
– Incomplete and inconsistent specifications from analysts are a
significant contributor to poor software quality.
System Analyst
 Business Process Redesign (BPR)
 Total quality management has forced many businesses to
radically rethink and redesign their fundamental business

processes.
 Business process redesign is the study, analysis, and redesign
of fundamental business processes to reduce costs and improve

value added to the business.

System Analyst
 A BPR project begins with identification of a value chain, a
combination of processes that should result in some value to

the business.
• The business processes are documented and analyzed in
excruciating detail.
• The business processes are subsequently streamlined for maximum
efficiency.
• The new business processes are analyzed for opportunities for
further improvement through information technology.

System Analyst
 Systems analysts figure prominently in BPR because:
• Systems analysts are often included in BPR projects because their

‘system’ perspective is valued.
• The skill competencies for BPR and systems analysis and design
are somewhat similar.
• A typical BPR project identifies several opportunities for new and
revised computer applications (which systems analysts facilitate).

System Analyst
 Continuous Process Improvement (CPI)
 Another TQM related trend is continuous process
improvement.
• Continuous process improvement is the continuous monitoring
of business processes to affect small but measurable improvements
to cost reduction and value added.
 In a sense, CPI is the opposite of BPR.
• BPR is intended to implement dramatic change.
• CPI implements a continuous series of smaller changes.

System Analyst
 Continuous Process Improvement (CPI)
 Continuous improvement contributes to both cost reductions,
improved efficiencies, and increased value and profit.

 Systems analysts may be called upon to participate in
continuous process improvement initiatives for any business

process, including the design and implementation of
improvements to associated computer applications.

System Analyst
 Globalization of the Economy
 Competition became global with emerging industrial nations
offer lower cost or higher quality alternatives to many

products.
 Most businesses have been forced to reorganize to compete
globally.

System Analyst
 Systems analysts are affected by the following:
• Information systems and computer applications must be

internationalized.
– They must support multiple languages, currency exchange
rates, international trade regulations, accepted business
practices (which differ in different countries), and so forth.
• Most information systems ultimately require information
consolidation for the purpose of performance analysis and decision
making.
– Such consolidation is complicated by the aforementioned
language barriers, currency
Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman forexchange rates, transborder
information regulations, and the like.
System Analyst
 Systems analysts are affected by the following: (continued)
• Systems development itself is complicated by the need for systems

analysts who can communicate, orally and in writing, with
management and users that speak different languages, dialects, and
slang.
• Outsourcing of the programming effort of a development project
to foreign countries.
– Many businesses have discovered that other countries offer
competent contract programming services at a fraction of the
cost of traditional programmers.
– Requires systems
Prepared byanalyst toforprovide extraordinarily complete,
Kevin C. Dittman
consistent, and precise
by J. L. specifications
Whitten & L. D. Bentley to outsourcers.
System Analyst
 Empowerment
 Many organizations, in order to save costs and be more
efficient, have had to downsize their workforce.

 As a result the organization has become “flatter” due to the
elimination of management levels.

 Given fewer managers and the same amount of work (or more),
remaining managers have been forced to empower their

employees.
• Empowerment is the business trend of driving the authority to
make decisions downstream to non-managers and teams.
System Analyst
 Empowerment
 Individuals and teams are allowed to make decisions that
would have normally required considerable bureaucratic

approval.
 To succeed, managers must facilitate the process.
 The team must be held accountable for the decisions they
make.
• This is accomplished through a compensation approach that puts
some percentage of everyone’s salary ‘at risk,’ meaning dependent
on the team or organization’s performance.
 Systems analysts can expect greater degrees of empowerment
in their assignments.
 Partners for the Systems Analyst – Information
Technologists and Vendors
 It takes more than systems analysts and users to build effective
systems.
 In addition to clients, the systems analyst works with a number of
technical peers called information technologists.
 The systems analyst's role in the typical project is to act as a
facilitator.
 The systems analyst may well be the only individual who sees the
system or application as a whole.
 The systems analysts must possess a unique set of skills and
abilities to accomplish the complex task of facilitating systems.
Steering committee
User 1 Information
technology
vendors
User 2
Systems Applications
analyst programmers
User N
Network
administrator
Management/ system Database Interface

owner administrator design expert

Preparing For a Career as a Systems Analyst
 Working Knowledge of Information Technology
 The systems analyst is an agent of change.
 The systems analyst is responsible for showing end-users and
management how new technologies can benefit their business and
its operations.
 The systems analyst must be aware of both existing and emerging
information technologies and techniques.

 Computer Programming Experience and Expertise
 A systems analyst must know how to program because they are
the principle link between business users and computer
programmers.
 It is wrong to assume that a good programmer will become a good
analyst or that a bad programmer could not become a good
analyst.
 Most systems analysts need to be proficient in one or more high-
level programming languages.

 Computer Programming Experience and Expertise
 Historically, the language of choice has been COBOL for business
applications, but many organizations are shifting to visual
programming languages or to object-oriented programming
languages .
 The reasons for the shift are as follows:
• The transition to graphical user interfaces.

• The desire to downsize applications from the mainframe to
networks of PCs.
• The pressures to improve productivity in applications development
through rapid, literative prototyping and the reuse of programming
modules called objects and components.
 Visual and object-oriented programming requires a completely
different style of program design, construction, and testing.
 General Business Knowledge
 The systems analysts are expected to immerse themselves in the
business and be able to specify and defend technical solutions that
address the bottom-line value returned to the business.
 Systems analysts should be able to communicate with business
experts to gain knowledge of problems and needs.
 It is not uncommon for systems analysts to develop so much
expertise over time they move out of information systems and into
the user community.

 Problem-Solving Skills
 The systems analyst must have the ability to take a large business
problem, break that problem down into its component parts,
analyze the various aspects of the problem, and then assemble an
improved system to solve the problem.
 The systems analyst must learn to analyze problems in terms of
causes and effects rather than in terms of simple remedies.
 The systems analyst must be well organized.
 System analysts must be able to creatively define alternative
solutions to problems and needs.

 Interpersonal Communications Skills
 The systems analyst must be able to communicate effectively, both
orally and in writing.
 The systems analyst should have a good command of the English
language.
 Almost without exception, communications skills, not technical
skills, prove to be the single biggest factor in career success or
failure.

 Interpersonal Relations Skills
 Systems work is people-oriented and systems analysts must be
extroverted or people-oriented.
 Interpersonal skills help systems analysts work effectively with
people.
 Interpersonal skills are also important because of the political
nature of the systems analyst's job.
 The systems analyst's first responsibility is to the business, its
management, and its workers.

 The systems analyst must mediate problems between team
problems and achieve benefits for the business as a whole.

 Interpersonal Relations Skills
 Systems analysts work in teams composed of IS professionals,
end-users, and management.
 Being able to cooperate, to comprise, and to function as part of
a team, is critical for success in most projects.

 Because development teams include people with dramatically
different levels of education and experience, group dynamics is

an important skill to develop.

 Flexibility and Adaptability
 No two systems development projects encountered by a systems
analyst are identical.
 There is no single, magical approach or solution applicable to
systems development.
 Successful systems analysts learn to be flexible and adapt to
special challenges or situations presented by specific systems
development projects.
 The systems analyst must be able to recognize when variations
upon (or single-instance exceptions to) development standards are
necessary and beneficial to a particular project.
 The systems analyst must be aware of the implications of not
following the standards.
 Character and Ethics
 The nature of the systems analyst's job requires a strong character
and sense of ethics.
 Ethics is a personal character trait in which an individual(s)
understands the difference between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and

acts accordingly.
 Systems analysts must be very careful not to share their
organization’s sensitive and secret information with others, either
within or outside the organization.
 Systems analysts must be very careful not to tell sensitive and
private data and information about customers, suppliers,
employees with the wrong people.
 Character and Ethics
 Systems analysts must not take (or sell) designs and programs they
developed to another company.
 Systems analysts have a moral obligation to set a good example
for end-users and management, especially in the area of software
copyrights.

 Systems Analysis and Design Skills
 All systems analysts need thorough and ongoing training in
systems analysis and design.
 Systems analysis and design skills can be conveniently factored
into three subsets:
 concepts and principles
 tools
 techniques

The Next Generation
 Career Prospects
 According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, opportunities for
systems analysts are expected to increase much faster than the
average for all professions; even more than for programmers.
 Depending on the economy, businesses will need between 173,000
and 264,000 new systems analysts by the year 2000 – an increase
of 24 to 37 percent since 1988.
 Systems analyst is ranked as the 12th fastest-growing occupation
between now and the year 2000.

The Next Generation
 Career Prospects
 Does a position as a systems analyst lead to any other careers?
 Some analysts leave the information systems field and actually
join the user community.

 Some analysts become project managers, information systems
managers, or move into technical specialties (such as database,

telecommunications, microcomputers, and so forth).
 The opportunities are virtually limitless.

The Next Generation
 Predictions
 A greater percentage of tomorrow's systems analysts will not work
in the information systems department, but work directly for their
end-users.
 A greater percentage of systems analysts will come from non-
computing backgrounds.
 Today's business and non-computing graduates are becoming
more computer literate.

Summary
 Introduction
 Who Should Read This Book
 The Systems Analyst As A Modern Business
Problem Solver
 Customers, Partners and Expectations
 Preparing For a Career as a Systems Analyst
 The Next Generation


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Introduction

◦ The chapter will address the following questions:

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

 The chapter will address the following questions:

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

 What is an Information System?

 The Systems Analyst - A Key Resource

information systems and computer applications.

 The Systems Analyst - A Key Resource

for the purpose of recommending improvements and specifying

technical, computer-based solution for the business

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

needs of a business to determine how the business system and

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

 the flow of that data to the computer

 the processing and storage of that data by the computer

 the flow of useful and timely information back to the business

and its people

using system concepts and information technology.

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

business problem analysis and technology-independent

application design and technology-dependent aspects of

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

environment in order to implement corrective solutions that

approach to solving system problems.

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

and plan the development strategy and goals.

effects. Then, identify and analyze the requirements that must

 Support - analyze the implemented solution, refine the design,

and implement improvements to the solution. Different support

Related problem to be solved

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and including the organizational behaviors and politics that

process data and produce information.

to the actual users (e.g., reports and display screens).

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or a specific line of business.

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functions or centers: (continued)

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

functions or centers: (continued)

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functions or centers: (continued)

functions or centers: (continued)

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Manager Data Telecommunications Manager Manager.

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

services units that is highly decentralized with a focus on

report directly to their functional business units (or groups of

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Manager Manager Manager

information anarchy and systems that do not interoperate to the

more than one business function perhaps the entire enterprise.

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• Information Strategy Planning

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

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an external third party.

Information Services unit to monitor and manage the