CHAPTER 3

PERCEPTION
ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
LEARNING OUTCOME
BY THE END OF T HIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD
BE AB LE TO:

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Presentations are communication tools that can be used as

demonstrations, lectures, reports, and more.
 PERCEPTION

A process which involves classifying,

interpreting, and giving meanings to what
is happening and what we see around us
Process of
Perception INFORMATION

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

RESPONSE
 FACTORS
INFLUENCING
PERCEPTION
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION

PERCEIVER
Atittude, Motives, Interest,
Experiences, Expectations SIT UAT ION
time, Work Environment, Social
Environment
O B J E C T O R TA R G E T
Novelty, Motion, Sounds, Proximity,
Size/Background
 PERCEIVER

A person who makes perception

regarding others. Different
characteristics in perceiver affects
greately how individual perceives
others in the environmental
situation.
 OBJECT OR TARGET

It is important to know that we do

not identify target in isolation, but
the relationship of the target to the
background .
 SITUATION

The context in which we

see an object or experience
an event.
PERCEPTUAL
DISTORTIONS
PERCEPTUAL DISTORTION

A process where people use shortcuts to

give meaning to an object or target.
 THE COMMON SHORTCUTS

SELECTIVE SIMILAR-TO-ME STEREOTYPING

PERCEPTION (PROJECTION)

FIRST
HALO CONTRAST
IMPRESSION
EFFECT EFFECT
ERROR
 SELECTIVE
PERCEPTION

The tendency to focus on

certain aspect while ignoring
the others.
 HALO EFFECT

The tendency to draw a general

impression on a single
characteristic.
 SIMILAR-TO-ME
EFFECT
(PROJECTION)
The tendency for people to
perceive others who are similar
to themselves.
FIRST IMPRESSION
ERROR
The tendency of people to
judge others based on the
initial judgement of the
individual in question.
 STEREOTYPING
The assumption that all
members of a specific group
behave in a similar way
because the have the same
characteristics.
CONTRAST EFFECT
A scenario where we tend to
compare one situation or event
to another similar situation or
event that has happened before.
 MANAGING
PERCEPTUAL
DISTORTIONS
HIGH LEVEL OF SELF-
AWARENESS
Be aware of the issues surrounding us
and try to understand the situation first.
SEEK INFORMATION FROM
VARIOUS SOURCES

Seek and get information from as many

sources as possible to reconfirm the
accuracy of the information.
 BE EMPATHETIC

Put ourselves in that particular situation

before making any judgements and
making decisions.
HELP TO RECTIFY INCORRECT
PERCEPTIONS

Those who knows the truth must take

responsibility to inform the correct
situation to others.
AVOID COMMON PERCEPTUAL
DISTORTIONS

Everyone needs to ensure to avoid

common perceptual distortion.
 KELLY’S
ATTRIBUTION
THEORY
 Kelly’s Attribution
Theory

• A theory which explains why people tend to make

HAROLD KEL LY
judgements on and assign reasons to other people’s
behaviour.
• It can either be an internal or externnal cause based
on three factors:
⚬ Distictiveness
⚬ Consensus
⚬ Consistency
 DISTINCTIVENESS

The individual reacts in the same

manner in other situations.
 CONSENSUS

The individual together with other

people would give similar
reactions to a same situation.
 CONSISTENCY

The individual whom we are

judging give similar reactions to
different situations.
SELF-FULFILLING
PROPHERCY: THE
PYGMALION
EFFECT
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHERCY

The tendency for someone’s

expectation to cause that person to
behave in a manner consistent with
the expectation.
Self-Fulfillig Prophecy

PYGMALION GOLEM
EFFECT EFFECT

Positive Effects Negative Effects

LEARNING
 LEARNING

• Through learning we will acquire new

knowledge which sunsequently allows us
to adopt behaviours.
• There are 3 behaviour theories:
⚬ Classical conditioning
⚬ Operant conditioning
⚬ Social Learning
 CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
We react and respond due to the
influence of something external and it
leads us to respond in a specific way of
behaving.
IVAN PAVLOV
1900s
 OPERANT CONDITIONING

A learning process which occurs

through rewards and punishments for
behaviour.
 SOCIAL LEARNING

A learning process where we learn

through observation and direct
experience.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
M ODELLING PR OC E SS INVOLVES SEVERAL STEPS:

ATTENTION RETENTION REPRODUCTION REINFORCEMENT

PROCESS PROCESS
PROCESS PROCESS

people will be
People pay attention The influence of the the behaviour which
motivated to follow
to the features of model on us even a person learns
if the behaviour is
the modelled though the model is needs to be
linked to positive
behaviour no longer available demonstrated and
incentives.
reproduced
 SCHEDULES OF
REINFORCEMENT
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT

CONTINUOUS INTERMITTEN
It does not
T occur
A desired all the time and
behaviour is reinforcement will
be given often as
reinforced every
to ensure that a
single time it behaviour is
occurs worth repeating
LET'S!
• What is perception?
• What are the factors influencing a person in making

perceptions?
• Identify and explain the 6 common perceptual

distortions that can hinder accurate perception.

• what is learning?