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Engineering Statistics
Lecture 4
Topics to learn
1. Errors in measuring process, uncertainty, bias
2. Binomial distribution
3. Sample proportion and success probability
4. Normal distribution
5. Standard units and standard normal distribution
Introduction
• Any measuring procedure contains error.
• Thus, measured values generally differ
somewhat from the true values that are being
measured.
• The errors in the measurements produce errors
in calculated values (like the mean).
FIGURE 3.1
(a) Both bias and uncertainty are small.
(b) Bias is large; uncertainty is small.
(c) Bias is small; uncertainty is large.
(d) Both bias and uncertainty are large.
Example 5
A lot contains several thousand components,
10% of which are defective. Seven components
are sampled from the lot. Let X represent the
number of defective components in the sample.
Solution:
What is the distribution of X?
Solution:
We use the pmf Equation with n = 10 and p = 0.4.
Solution:
Solution (cont.):
Using the probability mass function,
Solution:
Solution:
Mean: X = np
Variance: np (1 p )
2
X
sample proportion:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
2
Solution:
Example 14
1) Find the area under normal curve to the left of z = 0.47.
Solution:
Example 14
2) Find the area under normal curve to the right of z = 1.38.
Solution:
Solution:
The shaded area represents P(42 < X < 52), the probability that a
randomly chosen battery has a lifetime between 42 and 52 hours.
Solution:
As with
X is /anyn sample mean, the uncertainty
s / n in
which we replace with , if is
unknown.
• The mean is an unbiased estimator of .
McGraw-Hill ©2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-77
Linear Functions of Normal Random
Variables
Let X ~ N(, 2) and let a ≠ 0 and b be constants.
Then 2 2
𝑎𝑋 +𝑏 𝑁 (𝑎𝜇+ 𝑏 , 𝑎 𝜎 )
Linear Combinations
Let X1, X2, …, Xn be independent and normally distributed with
means 1, 2,…, n and variances .
Normals
Let X1, X2, …, Xn be independent and normally distributed with
mean and variance 2. Then
2
σ
Let X and Y be independent, with X ~ N(X, X ) and
2
Y ~ N(Y, σ Y ). Then