Oral Hypoglycemic

agents
BY: HAFIZA
KHUSHBAKHT HUSSAIN

ROLL NO: 12-PHL-S-23

SUBMITTED TO: DR
WASIM ASHRAF
 Sulfonyl Ureas (Insulin
Secretagogues)

1st generation;
Tolbutamide,Tolazamide,Chlorpropamide
2nd generation;
Glyburide,Glipizide,Glipizide,Glimepride
Meglitined;
Repaglinide
Phenylalanine Derivatives;
Netiglinide
Mechanism of action
Stimulate enhanced secretion of
insulin from pancreatic B cells
Reduces hepatic glucose output
Biguanides
Metformin;
The only available Biguanide.

Mechanism of Action;
Inhibit hepatic glucose output(beneficial effects on FBS levels)
Promote glucose uptake by fat and muscle cells increasing insulin sensitivity
Minor role in decreasing intestinal glucose absorption.
Recently studied MOA of Metformin
Thiazolidinediones
Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone
Mechanism of action
Promote glucose uptake by fat
and muscle cells and inhibit
hepatic glucose output by the
stimulation of peroxisome-
proliferator-activated receptor
gamma(PPAR-y)’
Alpha- Glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose
Miglitol
Mechanism of action;
Competitive inhibition of alpha-
glucosidases in intestinal brush
border lining, which leads to
slower absorption of complex
carbohydrates.
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors
(DPP-IV)
Sitagliptin
Saxagliptin
Linagliptins
 Mechanism of action
Prevents the inactivation of
incretin hormones (GLP-1) by the
enzyme DPP-IV. GLP-1 works to
stimulate the insulin secretion and
decrease glucagon during
hyperglycemia thus inhibiting the
breakdown of GLP-1 would allow
fro increased insulin secretion and
decrease hepatic glucose
production.
 Bile acid sequestrant
Colesevelam(welchol)
Mechanism of action
Recent Welchol Studies
Incretin Mimetics (GLP-1 agonists)
Exenatide
Liraglutide
Mechanism of action
Increse glucose dependant
insulin secretion.
Decrease hepatic glucose output
Increase B-cell growth and
replication.
Slows gastric emptying.
 Refrences
Comprehensive Pharmacy review Eighth Edition (CPR)
https://www.eaboute.com/polish-recruitment-agencies/
https://welcholhcp.com/how-welchol-works
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265089/#:~:text=All%20biguanides%20display
%20an%20inhibitory,these%20drugs%2C%20through%20phosphorylation%2Dmediated
https://www.researchgate.net/?
_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6Il9kaXJlY3QiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ