INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this chapter, the student will be

able to:
1. Identify initial value problems and boundary
value problems
2. Solve the first order ordinary differential
equations using the Shooting Method and
Finite Difference Method
3. Apply the numerical methods to real-life civil
engineering problems.
BOUNDARY VALUE Solutions of
Ordinar y
Dif ferential

PROBLEMS Equations

Fernando, JPP
 BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS

Boundary Value Problem comprises of a

differential equation subject to a given
set of boundary conditions.
Boundary conditions are those which are
prescribed for the unknown variable and
its derivatives at more than one point.
 Solutions of
Ordinar y
SHOOTING METHOD Dif ferential
Equations

Fernando, JPP
 SHOOTING METHOD

 The shooting method is based on

converting the boundary-value
problem into an equivalent initial
value problem.
 A trial-and-error approach is then
implemented to develop a solution for
the initial-value version that satisfies
the given boundary condition
 SHOOTING METHOD

 Here we convert 2 nd order equation to

1 st order by introducing a new variable
and shoot initial guess.
 And then make another guess based
on 1 st answer now we can calculate
the initial value of new variable.
 SHOOTING METHOD

a) 1 st shoot assumption, whose slope will

be less so it deviates below the exact
point.
b) 2 nd shoot assumption, whose slope will
be less so it deviates above the exact
point.
c) By using the two shoot values, curve
will pass through exact answer.
 SHOOTING METHOD

EXAMPLE 1:
Use the shooting method to approximate
the solution of the boundary value
problem.
FINITE DIFFERENCE Solutions of
Ordinar y
Dif ferential

METHOD Equations

Fernando, JPP
 FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

Advantage: FDM reduces the ODE into a system

of linear equations
Every derivative (ordinary or partial) occurring
in the equation as well as in the boundary
conditions are replaced by means of finite
difference approximations.
The equations are then reduced to a set of
linear system of equations which are then
solved using standard methods.
 FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

Forward Difference Approximation for y’(x)

Backward Difference Approximation for y’(x)

 FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

Central Difference Approximation for y’(x)

Central Difference Approximation for y’’(x)

 FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

WORKING RULE
1. Write the given BVP and identify the unknown
variables.
2. Rewrite the ODE at a particular point .
Substitute the finite difference
approximations for the derivatives occurring
in the equation.
3. Substitute the values of to get a system of
equations
4. Solve the system using any of the known tools
5. Declare the result.
 FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

EXAMPLE 1:
Using finite difference method, solve for given
the differential equation
,
and the boundary conditions

taking
 FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

EXAMPLE 2:
Solve

Correct to 4 decimal places by using finite

differences dividing the interval into 4 equal
parts.
 CE 316:

END OF PRESENTATION Numerical

Solutions to CE
Problems

Fernando, JPP