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    DI Metadata

    Uploaded by

    arwahtavoli

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Metadata for Digital Libraries:

    A Functional Approach

    Cornell Digital Imaging Workshop


    October 21, 1998

    Sandra Payette
    Digital Library Research Group
    Cornell University
    payette@cs.cornell.edu
    Metadata
    CREATOR: Plato
    TITLE: The Republic

    Metadata is structured data about data that imposes


    order on a disordered information universe.

    Image File Storage


    Access
    Image 1 cdrom 1
    Control
    Image 2 cdrom 1
    Image 3 cdrom 2 List
    Many Types of Metadata

    • Descriptive
    • Structural
    • Terms and conditions
    • Administrative
    • Content ratings
    • Provenance
    • Relationship
    Basic Functions We Must Support

    • Resource Discovery
    • Access and Use
    • Preservation and Administration
    Resource Discovery:

    Focus on Descriptive Metadata


    Metadata for Resource Discovery

    • Catalogs
    – OPAC / MARC Records
    • Indexes
    – Structured descriptive records (e.g., Dublin Core)
    – Abstracts
    – Full-text surrogates (e.g, via OCR)
    Challenges

    • Impracticality of large-scale traditional


    cataloging
    – time consuming, labor intensive, special skills
    – limited coverage - only “selected” items
    • Problems with resource discovery
    – full-text indexing ineffective (false hits, irrelevancy,
    overload)
    – full-text approaches not useful for non-textual data
    (e.g., audio, video, executable programs)
    One Solution:
    Simple Descriptive Surrogates

    • Easy to create
    • Applicable across domains
    • Applicable for different genre of objects
    • Allows interoperability among robots,
    indexers, and search clients
    Dublin Core Element Set

    • Good baseline descriptive record


    • Can exist along side other specialized metadata
    • Common ground for discovery across disparate
    resources
    • No specialized skills required
    • Flexibility through qualifiers

    Source: http://www.purl.org/Metadata/dublin_core/
    Dublin Core : 15 Elements
    • Title name given to the work by the author • Resource Type category of the
    resource
    • Author or Creator person(s)
    responsible for the intellectual content
    • Format Data representation of the
    resource
    • Subject and Keywords the topic • Resource Identifier Unique
    of the work, keywords, or formal Identification string (e.g. URL, URN,
    classification schemes ISBN...)
    • Description textual description of the • Source object from which this object is
    content (abstract, prose describing an image, derived (if applicable)
    etc.)
    • Publisher • Language language of the intellectual
    the organization making the
    content of the object
    work available in its present form
    • Other Contributor person(s) other
    • Relation relationship of the object to
    than the author who have made significant other objects or collections
    contributions to the intellectual content • Coverage spatial locations and temporal
    • Date the date the work was made available duration characteristics
    • Rights Management a pointer to a
    copyright notice, a rights management
    statement, or a rights server.
    Dublin Core in HTML META Tags

    <html>
    <head>
    <title>Cornell Digital Library Research Group</title>
    <META name="DC.subject" content=”digital library research">
    <META name="DC.subject" content="networked object description">
    <META name="DC.publisher" content=”Cornell University">
    <META name="DC.creator" content=”Lagoze, Carl, lagoze@cs.cornell.edu.">
    <META name="DC.creator" content=”Payette, Sandra, payette@cs.cornell.edu.">
    <META name="DC.title" content=”Cornell Digital Library Research Group">
    <META name="DC.date” content="1998-05-15">
    <META name="DC.form" scheme="IMT" content="text/html">
    <META name="DC.language" scheme="ISO639" content="en">
    <META name="DC.identifier" scheme="URL"
    content="http://www2.cs.cornell.edu/NCSTRL/CDLRG/cdlrg.htm">
    </head>
    <IMG SRC="/mydir/mysubdir/mypicture.gif" WIDTH=208 HEIGHT=216>
    </html>

    Source: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/
    Warwick Framework

    • Developed by Dublin Core community


    • Broader framework to accommodate diverse
    metadata schemes
    • Encourages community-specific definition and
    administration of metadata
    • Modularity supports interoperability among:
    – content providers
    – catalogers and indexers
    – automated resource discovery systems
    Warwick Framework Container

    Container Simple Package:


    Typed Metadata Set

    Package
    Dublin Core

    Package
    Other Descriptive

    Package
    Reference to MARC

    Package
    URI MARC Record
    WWW Infrastructure
    Evolving in this Direction

    • Dublin Core submitted to IETF as RFC


    – ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2413.txt
    • Resource Description Framework (RDF)
    – http://www.w3.org/RDF/
    • Extensible Markup Language (XML)
    – http://www.w3.org/XML/
    Resource Description Framework
    (RDF)

    • Influenced by the Warwick Framework,


    among others
    • Enables interoperability between applications
    that exchange metadata
    • Mix and match of metadata elements from
    different schemas
    • An application of XML (transfer syntax)
    A Simple RDF Model

    DC:Creator

    www2.cs.cornell.edu/CDLRG/doc1

    DC:Publisher

    QCSchema:Rating www.xxx.org/rate

    MyRating YourRating

    A B
    RDF Expressed in XML

    <?xml:namespace name=
    “http://www.purl.org/Metadata/dublin_core/” as=“DC”>
    <?xml:namespace name=
    “http://www.w3.org/Schemas/RDF/” as=“RDF”>

    <RDF:Serialization>
    <RDF:Assertions
    href=“http://www2.cs.cornell.edu/CDLRG/doc1”>
    <DC:Creator>Sandy Payette</DC:Creator>
    <DC:Publisher>Cornell DLRG </DC:Publisher>
    </RDF:Assertions>
    </RDF:Serialization>
    Dublin
    Core
    Element
    Set
    RDF: Why is it important?

    • Market demand for metadata deployment


    • Software infrastructure will be ubiquitous (e.g. free in
    browsers, servers, proxies, editors, etc.)
    • RDF is a general purpose framework that provides
    structured, human-readable and machine-
    understandable metadata for the web
    • Allows stakeholder communities to independently
    developed, maintain, and reuse vocabularies
    Access and Use

    Focus on Structural Metadata


    Structural Metadata
    • What is it? Data that….
    – Defines structure within documents
    – Aggregates images into meaningful entities
    – Correlates document components to image files
    – Organizes a collection of objects
    • Where is it?
    – ASCII text files in directories
    – Relational databases
    – Embedded in documents or surrogates (e.g. SGML)
    First... A Data Model

    0:1 Table
    Front 1:N
    Contents
    0:1
    1:N

    Chapter Page
    1:N 1:N

    0:1
    Index 1:N

    Data models mirror natural attributes and


    relationships of real-world objects
    “Binding” Document Images with SGML

    <!DOCTYPE EBIND PUBLIC "-//UC Berkeley//DTD ebind.dtd (ElectronicBinding (Ebind))//EN" [


    <!ENTITY % birch PUBLIC "-//UC Berkeley//ENTITIES
    Birch-tree fairy book (Page Images)//EN">
    %birch;]>
    <ebind type="book">
    <front>
    <page><image entityref="birch001" seqno="1" nativeno="i"></page>
    <page><image entityref="birch002" seqno="2" nativeno="ii"></page>
    <page><image entityref="birch003" seqno="3" nativeno="iii"></page>
    <page><image entityref="birch004" seqno="4" nativeno="iv"></page>
    <div0 type="titlepage">
    <page><image entityref="birch005" seqno="5" nativeno="v"></page>
    <page><image entityref="birch006" seqno="6" nativeno="vi"></page>
    </div0>
    <div0 type="introduction">
    <head>Introductory note</head>
    <page><image entityref="birch007" seqno="7" nativeno="vii"></page>
    </div0>

    Source: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Ebind/
    Finding Aids in SGML

    • Encoded Archival Description (EAD)


    – SGML mark up of descriptive access tools
    (inventories, registers, indexes, and guides)
    – provides more detail about a collection than in
    typical catalog record
    – facilitates access - “drill down” into collection
    – potential international standard
    – maintained jointly by Library of Congress and
    Society of American Archivists (SAA)

    Source: http://www.loc.gov/rr/ead/eadhome.html
    Preservation and Administration

    Focus on Administrative Metadata


    and Persistent Identifiers
    Administrative Metadata

    • Information for managing images… over time


    – relocation
    – migration (new formats)
    – copyright tracking
    – archiving of objects and services
    • Where is it?
    – File headers (to help prevent orphaned images)
    – External databases (e.g., relational db)
    – Separate files stored with images
    Create a Preservation Audit Trail

    Image File Attributes: Image Attributes:


    • formats • resolution
    • versions • bit depth
    • compression • orientation

    Process Data: Rights Management Data:


    • creation date/time •Expiration dates
    • equipment used •Copyright info
    •source statements
    Persistent Identifiers

    • Globally unique names


    • Persistent … names are permanent, lasting
    • Used in resolution services to locate the
    object (locations change over time).

    Unique cnri.dlib/april97-payette
    Identifier:
    Naming Item
    Authority Name

    URL: http://www.somewebserver.org/somedirectory/somefile
    Identifiers: Current Initiatives

    • IETF Uniform Resource Names (URN)


    – specification of URN framework
    – requirements for resolution systems
    – syntax definition
    • Existing Systems
    – CNRI’s Handle System
    – OCLC PURLs
    – DOI Initiative
    Further reading
    • IFLA: A Good List -
    http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/ifla/II/metadata.htm
    • Lynch, et. al.: CNI Resource Discovery White Paper -
    http://www.cni.org/projects/nidr/nidr.html
    • Lagoze: Resource Discovery in the Digital Age -
    http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june97/06lagoze.html
    • Payette: Persistent Identifiers, RLG DigiNews -
    http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews22.html
    • W3C: Metadata Overview -
    http://www.w3.org/Metadata

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