Presentation of seminar on

Overcoming voltage fluctuation in electric vehicles by considering Al

electrolytic capacitor-based voltage stabilizer

Presented by
MES20EE010 Hamdhan sageer
Under The Guidance of
Miss Sajina MK
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
MES College of Engineering Kuttippuram
Overview
• INTRODUCTION
• OVER VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
• VAVS
• EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
• LINE REGULATION ANALYSIS
• RESULT
• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
• Electrical vehicles (EVs) use battery pack unlike
other devices which use single Li-ion battery.
• Battery packs in EVs are crucial for storing
electric charge.
• Over voltage fluctuations due to load changes
or power system faults are common in
electrical systems.
 INTRODUCTION [Contd.]

• Traditional solutions use inductor-capacitor

resonant circuits, but they have limitations.
• We introduce a Vehicle Automatic Voltage
Stabilizer (VAVS) operating at room
temperature.
• VAVS will provide more economic benefits as it
will prevent electrical equipment operation’s
temporary or permanent failure.
 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
• Voltage fluctuation refers to the irregular and often
rapid changes in the magnitude of electrical voltage
levels within an EV.
• Voltage fluctuations in electric vehicles (EVs) can occur
due to various factors. Here are some common causes:
• Battery State of Charge (SOC): As the SOC of an EV's
battery changes, the voltage can fluctuate. A low SOC
can lead to lower voltage, while a high SOC can result
in higher voltage.
 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION(contd.)
• Variations in Load: Activation of electrical
components (e.g., A/C, lights) affects voltage
as the load changes.
• Temperature:High temperatures increase
voltage.Low temperatures reduce voltage.
• Fast Charging:High-power rapid charging can
cause voltage fluctuations due to battery
demand.
 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION(contd.)
• Battery Age and Health: Aging or deterioration
of the battery alters internal resistance, leading
to voltage fluctuations.
• Faults or Anomalies :Electrical faults or
anomalies within the vehicle's electrical system
can induce voltage fluctuations.
• Fast Charging:
• High-power rapid charging can cause voltage
fluctuations due to battery demand.
 Consequences of Voltage Fluctuation in
Electric Vehicles:

• Voltage fluctuations in electric vehicles (EVs) can have

several consequences , such as
• Impaired Vehicle Performance: inconsistent power
delivery affects acceleration and overall performance.
• Reduced Range: Inaccurate SOC readings lead to
unreliable range estimations.
• Battery Degradation: Accelerated battery stress may
shorten its lifespan.
• Charging Issues: Disrupts charging, slows
charging times, or causes failures.
• Electrical Component Damage: Sudden
voltage changes can harm vehicle electronics.
• Long-Term Reliability: This may affect the
vehicle's long-term electrical system reliability.
• Electrical Component Damage: Sudden
voltage changes can harm vehicle electronics.
 VAVS
• Vehicle automatic voltage stabilizers are
designed to regulate the electrical voltage
supplied to various systems and components
within a vehicle.
• VAVS stabilizes input voltage (10-15V) to
obtain a constant 12V output.
• Variations in engine rotation speed are
compensated, maintaining 12.1V.
 VAVS [Contd.]
• It only gives low line regulation, only
0.17%/Voltage fluctuation.
• VAVS consists of nine main components:
resistors, capacitors, transistors, and diodes.
• Al electrolytic capacitors, type of diodes,
resistors, and transistors used.
 VAVS INTEGRATION

• Conventional Power System :Electric current flows from the

battery to the alternator when the ignition is ON.
• The alternator generates alternating current (AC) when the
engine rotates.
• A regulator/rectifier inside the alternator converts AC to direct
current (DC).
• High engine rotation can lead to overvoltage in the charging
system.
 VAVS INTEGRATION

• Regulated battery voltage system with VAVS

• VAVS stabilizes voltage and prevents overvoltage charging.
• It supplies electrical power to all vehicle loads.
• Added after the battery to protect electrical components.
• Regulated battery voltage system with VAVS
• Prevents battery power drain when the
vehicle is not in use.
• If the VAVS are connected in parallel, the
battery power will be sucked in by the VAVS
when the vehicle is not in use.
 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
• Design and Analysis Process:
The design and analysis are conducted in
several steps, as shown in Figure. This study
begins with electrical circuit design and
simulation using LTspice and finally line
regulation analysis.
 Line Regulation Analysis for Voltage
Stabilizers
• Line regulation is a measure of the ability of a
voltage stabilizer or regulator, to maintain a
consistent and stable output voltage despite
fluctuations .
• Line Regulation is crucial when the input
voltage source is unstable, causing
fluctuations in the output voltage (overvoltage
or undervoltage).
• Preferred Line Regulation: Low line regulation
is preferred for stable voltage output.
• IEEE 1159 Classification: A well-regulated
device should limit overvoltage to at most
110% or 1.1 pu at the power frequency for
durations longer than 1 minute.
• Formula for Line Regulation: Line Regulation =
(∆Vo / ∆Vi) * (Vo * 100%)
• Testing Procedure:
• Engine speed varied (900-1500 rpm) for both VAVS
and without VAVS scenarios.
• Output voltage measured and recorded as input
voltage for VAVS-equipped vehicles.
 ADVANTAGES
• Stable Voltage Supply: Ensures a consistent supply
of voltage to critical EV components.
• Protection Against Fluctuations: Guards against
voltage spikes and drops caused by load changes or
system faults.
• Enhanced Safety: Reduces the risk of electrical
equipment failures, enhancing overall safety.
• Improved Performance: Enhances efficiency and
performance of EV's electrical systems, including the
ECU and motor.
 ADVANTAGES(contd.)
• Extended Battery Life: Helps prolong the lifespan of
the EV's battery pack by preventing harmful voltage
conditions.
• Compliance with Standards: Meets industry
standards and regulations for voltage stabilization.
• Cost Savings: Prevents equipment failures, reducing
repair costs and extending component lifespan.
• Optimal Thermal Management: Works in tandem
with battery thermal management systems for
efficient battery operation.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Complexity: Designing and implementing VAVS
can be complex and may require specialized
knowledge.
• Maintenance: VAVS systems may require
regular maintenance and adjustments.
• Initial Cost: VAVS systems may have an upfront
cost for installation.
• Size and Weight: Depending on the design,
VAVS systems can be bulky and heavy.
 RESULT
• Aluminum polymer capacitors have high
capacitance and low resistance.
• However, VAVS successfully maintains stable
voltage output.
• Stable output voltage achieved: 12.1 V (meets
vehicle battery standards).
• All line regulation values remain within IEEE
1159 limits.
• Demonstrates VAVS effectiveness in voltage
stabilization.
Result
 CONCLUSION
• The VAVS with an al electrolytic capacitor-based
system is a significant advancement in mitigating
voltage fluctuations in electric vehicles (EVs).
• the VAVS offers practical and economic
advantages over conventional stabilizers
designed for cryogenic temperatures.
• The VAVS stabilizes input voltage, maintaining a
consistent output of 12V, providing a stable
electrical.
 CONCLUSION
• Impressive line regulation: Maintains constant
output despite input changes.
• Experimental validation Confirms effectiveness in
stabilizing voltage during engine speed variations.
• This innovation has the potential to significantly
improve the stability and performance of electric
vehicle systems, marking a noteworthy milestone
in electric vehicle technology.
 REFERENCE
• Aminzadeh, H., 2020. All – MOS self-powered
subthreshold voltage reference with enhanced line
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• Balakrishnan, K., Sharma, A., Ali, R., 2017. Comparison of
explicit and implicit finite element methods and its
effectiveness for drop test of electronic control unit.
Procedia Eng. 173, 424–431.
• Balamurugan, R., Kamsala, V., Nithya, R., 2014. Current fed
full-bridge conventer with voltage doubler for
photovoltaic system applications. Istanbul Univ. Electr.
Electron. Eng. 14 (2), 1779–1784.