UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING

UNIT-3
Bachelor of Computer Applications
Software Engineering
(21CAT-312/21SCT-312/22CAT-213/22SCT-213)

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Topics to be covered
• Introduction of Black Box Testing
• Generic Steps of Black Box Testing
• Black Box Testing Types
• Black Box Testing Techniques
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Difference between Black Box and white Box Testing
 Black Box Testing Introduction
• Black Box Testing is a software testing method in which the functionalities of
software applications are tested without having knowledge of internal code
structure, implementation details and internal paths. Black Box Testing mainly
focuses on input and output of software applications and it is entirely based on
software requirements and specifications. It is also known as Behavioral Testing.

• In this method, tester selects a function and gives input value to examine its
functionality, and checks whether the function is giving expected output or not. If
the function produces correct output, then it is passed in testing, otherwise failed.
The test team reports the result to the development team and then tests the next
function. After completing testing of all functions if there are severe problems,
then it is given back to the development team for correction.
Black Box Testing
 Generic Steps of Black Box Testing
• The black box test is based on the specification of requirements, so it is examined
in the beginning.
• In the second step, the tester creates a positive test scenario and an adverse test
scenario by selecting valid and invalid input values to check that the software is
processing them correctly or incorrectly.
• In the third step, the tester develops various test cases such as decision table, all
pairs test, equivalent division, error estimation, cause-effect graph, etc.
• The fourth phase includes the execution of all test cases.
• In the fifth step, the tester compares the expected output against the actual output.
• In the sixth and final step, if there is any flaw in the software, then it is cured and
tested again.
 Black Box Testing Types
• Functional Testing: It determines the system’s software functional requirements.
• Regression Testing: It ensures that the newly added code is compatible with the
existing code. In other words, a new software update has no impact on the
functionality of the software. This is carried out after a system maintenance
operation and upgrades.
• Nonfunctional Testing: Nonfunctional testing is also known as NFT. This testing
is not functional testing of software. It focuses on the software’s performance,
usability, and scalability.
 Black Box Testing Techniques
• Equivalence Class Testing: It is used to minimize the number of possible test
cases to an optimum level while maintains reasonable test coverage.
• Boundary Value Testing: Boundary value testing is focused on the values at
boundaries. This technique determines whether a certain range of values are
acceptable by the system or not. It is very useful in reducing the number of test
cases. It is most suitable for the systems where an input is within certain ranges.
• Decision Table Testing: A decision table puts causes and their effects in a matrix.
There is a unique combination in each column.
 Features of Black Box Testing
• Independent testing: Black box testing is performed by testers who are not
involved in the development of the application, which helps to ensure that testing
is unbiased and impartial.
• Testing from a user’s perspective: Black box testing is conducted from the
perspective of an end user, which helps to ensure that the application meets user
requirements and is easy to use.
• No knowledge of internal code: Testers performing black box testing do not have
access to the application’s internal code, which allows them to focus on testing the
application’s external behavior and functionality.
• Requirements-based testing: Black box testing is typically based on the
application’s requirements, which helps to ensure that the application meets the
required specifications.
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 Features of Black Box Testing
• Different testing techniques: Black box testing can be performed using various
testing techniques, such as functional testing, usability testing, acceptance testing,
and regression testing.
• Easy to automate: Black box testing is easy to automate using various
automation tools, which helps to reduce the overall testing time and effort.
• Scalability: Black box testing can be scaled up or down depending on the size
and complexity of the application being tested.
• Limited knowledge of application: Testers performing black box testing have
limited knowledge of the application being tested, which helps to ensure that
testing is more representative of how the end users will interact with the
application.
 Advantages of Black Box Testing
• The tester does not need to have more functional knowledge or programming
skills to implement the Black Box Testing.
• It is efficient for implementing the tests in the larger system.
• Tests are executed from the user’s or client’s point of view.
• Test cases are easily reproducible.
• It is used in finding the ambiguity and contradictions in the functional
specifications.
 Disadvantages of Black Box Testing
• There is a possibility of repeating the same tests while implementing the testing
process.
• Without clear functional specifications, test cases are difficult to implement.
• It is difficult to execute the test cases because of complex inputs at different stages
of testing.
• Sometimes, the reason for the test failure cannot be detected.
• Some programs in the application are not tested.
• It does not reveal the errors in the control structure.
• Working with a large sample space of inputs can be exhaustive and consumes a lot
of time.
Diff. b/w Black & White Box Testing
Diff. b/w Black & White Box Testing