1.number Systems Ver1

CAO- ITS 62704
Number Systems and

Codes
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
• Decimal 0-9=10=Base 10
• Binary= 1,0=2= Base 2
• Hexadecimal=0-9, A-F= Base 16
• BD
• DB
• HD
• DH
• HB
• BH
• Selected areas covered in this chapter:
– Understanding and Converting between
number systems.
• Decimal, binary, hexadecimal.
– Advantages of the hexadecimal number
system.
Objectives
• Counting in hexadecimal.
– Representing decimal numbers using
the BCD code.
• Pros and cons of using BCD.
• Differences between BCD and
straight binary.
– Purpose of alphanumeric codes such as
ASCII code.
– Parity method for error detection.
• Determine the parity bit to be
attached to a digital data string.
Binary is a language written with a
combination of ones (1) and zeros (0) that
computers use to carry out commands, inputs,
or functions.
Whatever you write onto a computer, a
machine inside processes the input and
converts it into binary. It's like using a
translator!
2-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion
• Convert binary to decimal by summing the positions that contain a 1:
• 100110 =(2^5)+ (2^2)+ (2^1)= 32+4+2=38
Example 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 Answer
2^0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
B D
100110 1 0 0 1 1 0
32 4 2 38
10110101 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
• An example with a greater number of bits:
128 32 16 4 1 181
D B
45 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 101101
76 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1001100
150 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 10010110
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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All rights reserved.
• Reverse process described in 2-1.

–Note that all positions must be accounted for.
• Another example:

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• The double-dabble method avoids addition of

large numbers:
– Write down the left-most 1 in the binary number.
– Double it and add the next bit to the right.
– Write down the result under the next bit.
– Continue with steps 2 and 3 until finished with
the binary number.

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• Binary numbers verify the double-dabble method:

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Repeated
Division
Divide the decimal
number by 2.
Write the remainder
after each division
until a quotient of
zero is obtained.
The first remainder
is the LSB.
The last is the MSB.

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Exercise
Convert the following binary numbers to decimal
111
1001
11001
10001
11000

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Exercise
Convert the following decimal to binary
32
50
80
125
300

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Why we use
Hexadecimal?
HEXADEMAL
• Hex numbers are compact and use
less memory, so more numbers
can be stored in computer systems.
Their small size also makes input-
output handling easier compared to
other numbering formats. Because
it's easy to convert hexadecimal to
binary and vice versa, the system
is widely used in computer
programming.
• Hexadecimal number is 4 bits
equivalent
• 0000 -1111; 0-F
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System
To perform conversions
between hex & binary, it
is necessary to know the
four-bit binary numbers
(0000 - 1111), and their
equivalent hex digits.

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Relationships between
hexadecimal, decimal,
and binary numbers.

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Colours are defined in html using the hex format.
MAC Addresses
• The Media Access Control
(MAC) address is a binary
number used to uniquely
identify computer network
adapters:hardware address,
are physically burned into the
network hardware during the
manufacturing process, or
stored in firmware, and
designed to not be modified.
• MAC addresses are 12-digit

(48-bit) hexadecimal
numbers. By convention, they
are usually written in one of
the following formats:
• MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS
• Hexadecimal is often used when
developing new software or trying to trace
Memory Dump
program errors. ,
The contents of part of
Assembly Codecan
the computer memory & hold the key to
help solve many problems. When the
Machine Code
memory contents are output to a printer or
monitor, this is known as a MEMORY
DUMP
• Computer memory can be referred to
directly using machine code or assembly
code
• troubleshooting.
• they are essentially low-level languages
that directly access the memory chips in
the computer
• easier, faster and less error-prone to write
code compared to binary. Using true
machine code (which uses binary) is very
cumbersome, and it takes a long time to
key in the values
• It is easy to mistype the digits in a ‘sea of
1s and 0s’.
• Why is hexadecimal important in memory
addressing?
• Its a much shorter way to represent what would
otherwise be written in binary. It is also very nice
and easy to convert hex to binary and back. Each
4 digits of binary corresponds to one digit of hex.
Convention and convenience: hex shows more
clearly what relationship various pointers have to
address segmenting
• Hexadecimal allows convenient handling of long

binary strings, using groups of 4 bits—Base 16
– 16 possible symbols: 0-9 and A-F

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2-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Hex to Decimal
• Convert from hex to decimal by multiplying

each hex digit by its positional weight.
• In a 2nd example, the value 10 was substituted

for A and 15 substituted for F.
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory Moss

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 10e
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2-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex
• Convert 42310 to hex:

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• Convert 21410 to hex:

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Decimal to Hex Conversion
Method II:
Use repeated division by radix.
16 | 1564

97
16|_____ R = 12 = C
6
16|_____ R=1
0 R=6
N = 61C 16
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex to Binary
• Convert decimal 378 to a 16-bit binary number

by first converting to hexadecimal.
Exercise
Convert the following decimals to hex
100
180
250
320
550
1600

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2-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Hex to Decimal
Exercise
Convert the following Hexadecimals to Decimals
111
A12
AD5
5F5A
9E7C

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Binary to Hex Conversion
1. Divide binary number into 4-bit groups
01 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
Pad with 0’s
If unsigned number
2. Substitute hex digit for each group

Pad with sign bit
if signed number 61C16
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Hex to Binary
• Leading zeros can be added to the left of the MSB

to fill out the last group.
For practice, verify that BA616 = 1011101001102

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Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
Example
1. Convert each hex digit to equivalent binary
(1 E 9 C)16
(0001 1110 1001 1100)2

2-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Binary to Hex
• Convert from binary to hex by grouping bits in four

starting with the LSB.
– Each group is then converted to the hex equivalent
• The binary number is grouped into groups of four
bits & each is converted to its equivalent hex digit.
For practice, verify that 101011111 2 = 15F16

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2-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Counting in Hex
• When counting in hex, each digit position can

be incremented (increased by 1) from 0 to F.
– On reaching value F, it is reset to 0, and the
next digit position is incremented.
Example:
38,39,3A,3B,3C,3D,3E,3F,40,41,42
When there is a 9 in a digit position, it
becomes an A when it is incremented.
With three hex digits, we can count from 00016 to FFF16

which is 010 to 409510 — a total of 4096 = 163 values.
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Hex to Binary
Exercise
Convert the following Hex to Binary
987
B125
A6F8
12CD4
FF7D3

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2-4 BCD Code
• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a widely used

way to present decimal numbers in binary form.
– Combines features of both decimal and binary
systems.
• Each digit is converted to a binary equivalent.
• BCD is not a number system.
– It is a decimal number with each digit encoded
to its binary equivalent.
• A BCD number is not the same as a straight
binary number.
– The primary advantage of BCD is the relative
ease of converting to and from decimal.

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2-4 BCD Code
• Convert the number 87410 to BCD:

– Each decimal digit is represented using 4 bits.
• Each 4-bit group can never be greater than 9.
• Reverse the process to convert BCD to decimal.

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2-4 BCD Code
• Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its

decimal equivalent.
Divide the BCD number into four-bit

groups and convert each to decimal.

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2-4 BCD Code
• Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its

decimal equivalent.
Divide the BCD number into four-bit

groups and convert each to decimal.

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2-4 BCD Code
• Convert BCD 011111000001 to its decimal

equivalent.
The forbidden group represents

an error in the BCD number.

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2-6 Putting It All Together
Decimal numbers 1 – 15 in binary, hex, BCD, Gray

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2-7 The Byte, Nibble, and Word
• Most microcomputers handle and store binary

data and information in groups of eight bits.
– 8 bits = 1 byte.
• A byte can represent numerous types of data/information.
• Binary numbers are often broken into groups
of four bits.
– Because a group of four bits is half as big as a
byte, it was named a nibble.
• A word is a group of bits that represents a
certain unit of information.
– Word size can be defined as the number of bits
in the binary word a digital system operates on.
• PC word size is eight bytes (64 bits).
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2-8 Alphanumeric Codes
• Represents characters and functions found on

a computer keyboard.
– 26 lowercase & 26 uppercase letters, 10 digits,
7 punctuation marks, 20 to 40 other characters.
• ASCII – American Standard Code for Information
Interchange.
– Seven bit code: 27 = 128 possible code groups
– Examples of use: transfer information between
computers; computers & printers; internal storage.

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2-8 Alphanumeric Codes
ASCII – American Standard Code

for Information Interchange
See the entire table on page 49 of your textbook.

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2-9 Parity Method for Error Detection
• Binary data and codes are frequently moved

between locations:
– Digitized voice over a microwave link.
– Storage/retrieval of data from magnetic/optical disks.
– Communication between computer systems
over telephone lines, using a modem.

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• Electrical noise can cause errors during

transmission.
– Spurious fluctuations in voltage or current present
in all electronic systems.
• Many digital systems employ methods for error

detection—and sometimes correction.
– One of the simplest and most widely used schemes
for error detection is the parity method.
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• The parity method of error detection requires the

addition of an extra bit to a code group.
– Called the parity bit, it can be either a 0 or 1,
depending on the number of 1s in the code group.
• There are two parity methods, even and odd.
– The transmitter and receiver must “agree” on
the type of parity checking used.
• Even seems to be used more often.

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• Even parity method—the total number of bits in

a group including the parity bit must add up to
an even number.
– The binary group 1 0 1 1 would require the addition
of a parity bit 1, making the group 1 1 0 1 1.
• The parity bit may be added at either end of a group.

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• Odd parity method—the total number of bits in a

group including the parity bit must add up to an
odd number.
– The binary group 1 1 1 1 would require the addition
of a parity bit 1, making the group 1 1 1 1 1.
The parity bit becomes a part of the code word.

Adding a parity bit to the seven-bit ASCII
code produces an eight-bit code.

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2-10 Applications
• When ASCII characters are transmitted there

must be a way to tell the receiver a new
character is coming.
– There is often a need to detect errors in the
transmission as well.
• The method of transfer is called asynchronous
data communication.
2-10 Applications
• An ASCII character must be “framed” so the

receiver knows where the data begins and ends.
– The first bit must always be a start bit (logic 0).
• ASCII code is sent LSB first and MSB last.
– After the MSB, a parity bit is appended to check
for transmission errors.
– Transmission is ended by sending a stop bit (logic 1).
END of Chapter

1.number Systems Ver1

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CAO- ITS 62704

Number Systems and

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Reverse process described in 2-1.

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• The double-dabble method avoids addition of

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Binary numbers verify the double-dabble method:

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• MAC addresses are 12-digit

• Hexadecimal allows convenient handling of long

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Convert from hex to decimal by multiplying

• In a 2nd example, the value 10 was substituted

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory Moss

• Convert 42310 to hex:

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Convert 21410 to hex:

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Convert decimal 378 to a 16-bit binary number

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory Moss

1. Divide binary number into 4-bit groups

2. Substitute hex digit for each group

• Leading zeros can be added to the left of the MSB

For practice, verify that BA616 = 1011101001102

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

1. Convert each hex digit to equivalent binary

(0001 1110 1001 1100)2

• Convert from binary to hex by grouping bits in four

For practice, verify that 101011111 2 = 15F16

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• When counting in hex, each digit position can

With three hex digits, we can count from 00016 to FFF16

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a widely used

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Convert the number 87410 to BCD:

• Reverse the process to convert BCD to decimal.

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its

Divide the BCD number into four-bit

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its

Divide the BCD number into four-bit

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Convert BCD 011111000001 to its decimal

The forbidden group represents

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory Moss

Decimal numbers 1 – 15 in binary, hex, BCD, Gray

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Most microcomputers handle and store binary

• Represents characters and functions found on

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

ASCII – American Standard Code

See the entire table on page 49 of your textbook.

• Binary data and codes are frequently moved

Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.