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Definition
Vaccination :
Is the process of administration of any vaccine or toxoid
(inactivated toxin) for prevention of a diseas
One of the most beneficial and cost-effective disease-
prevention measures
Immunization
The process of inducing immunity against a specific
disease by administration of antigen/antibody.
For most diseases of childhood preventable by vaccination,
IMMUNITY
The ability of the human body to tolerate the presence
of material indigenous to the body (“self”), and to
eliminate foreign (“nonself”) material
Indications for passive immunity
To provide protection to immunodeficient children
with B-lymphocyte defects .
Persons with an infectious disease as part of specific
therapy for that disease
Post exposure prophylaxis
HBV
Passive immunisation
Active Immunization
Vaccines are whole or parts of microorganisms
administered to prevent an infectious disease
Vaccines can induce immunity by stimulating
antibody formation, cellular immunity, or both
Protection induced by most vaccines is thought to be
mediated primarily by B lymphocytes, which produce
antibody
Most B-lymphocyte responses require the assistance
of CD4 helper T lymphocytes
T lymphocyte – dependent vaccines
• Includes protein moieties
• Induce high levels of functional antibody with high
avidity
• Mature over time from primarily an IgM response to
long-term persistent IgG
• Induce good immune responses even in young infants
• Immunologic memory leading to booster responses on
repeat exposure to the antigen.
T lymphocyte- independent vaccines
• Polysaccharide antigens
• Poor immune response in children < 2yr of age
• Induce B-lymphocyte response in the absence
of T-lymphocyte help
• short-term immunity
• lacks booster response
• To overcome problems of plain polysaccharide vaccines,
have been conjugated, or covalently linked, to protein
carriers, converting the vaccine to a T lymphocyte–
dependent vaccine
In contrast to plain polysaccharide vaccines, conjugate
vaccines:
• Induce higher avidity antibody
• Immunologic memory leading to booster responses on
repeat exposure to the antigen
• Long-term immunity
• Herd immunity by decreasing carriage of the organism.
E.g.
Hib and pneumococcal and
meningococcal vaccines
Vaccination
• long-term protection
• cost-effective
antibody concentration
• safe
4 8 12 16 20 weeks
injection
of vaccine
The ideal vaccine
Benefits of vaccines
To prevent disease and/or its progression to severe
form at individual level.
(immediate)
To eradicate or eliminate the pathogen.
(ultimate)
Herd immunity
Herd immunity
Types of vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccines
Viral : measles, polio Sabin (OPV), mumps, rubella,
varicella, yellow fever, Rotavirus,
Bacterial : BCG, cholera, typhoïd fever
Whole inactivated (killed) microorganisms
Viral : polio Salk (IPV), hepatitis A, Rabies, Influenza
Bacterial : whole cell pertussis (DTPw)
Types of vaccines
Toxoids
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Combined vaccines
– DTPw-HepB (Tetra); DTPw-HepB/Hib (Penta)
– DTPw-HepB/Hib-MenAC (Hepta)
– DTPa-HepB-IPV/Hib
– Hib-MenC; Hib-MenCY; Hib-MenAC(W?)
– Men ACWY polysaccaride vaccines (MPSV4)
– MenACWY conjugate PS vaccines (MCV4)
– HepA/Vi; HepAHepB
Live-attenuated vaccines
Advantages
Cause s of failure
a. Destroyed vaccine by improper storage
b. Sustained transplacental immunity that may remain
for up to 15months of age.
Polio vaccines
OPV, Oral (Sabin) and IPV, killed (Salk) Polio
Vaccine available
OPV used where wild polio virus circulates
Stored at 2to 8 oc
The only vaccine which can be frozen safely
Can be stored for years at -20