Countable and Uncountable set

Student I.D : LX20230512103

Name : Kalim ullah
Lecturer: Prof. Cheng Xing

College of Science
 Table of contents

01 04
Preliminary Example

02 05
Countable set Property

03 06
Uncountable Conclusion
 Equivalent set
Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent if they have the same cardinality
i.e. n(A) = n(B). OR
Two set A and B is called equivalent if and only if there exist a
bijective function Between them.
• For any set A, A~A
• If A~B then B~A
• For any set A,B and C. If A ~B and B~C then A~C
We can write it A~B

Cardinality

For example,
set A = {5, 10, 15, 20} is equivalent to set B= {w, x, y, z}. Each set
contains four elements. n(A) = n(B)
 Doubts
What is the difference between infinite set and
uncountable set?

Infinite set
Countably infinite set

For example set of Real number is infinite set

But Z is Countably infinite set
 Cardinality of a set
The cardinality of a set is a measure of a set’s size, meaning the
number of elements in the set.

For a set A its cardinality is denoted ∣A∣ or n(A).

For example,
set A = {5, 10, 15, 20} is equivalent to set B= {w, x, y, z}. Each set
contains four elements. n(A) = n(B)
 Finite and infinite set
Consider A is a set.
Then A is finite if A is empty set or A~ { 1,2,3,…,n} for some n€N.

● A subset of the Finite set

● The union of two finite sets
● The power set of a finite set

A set A is called infinite set If a set is not finite.

Denumerable set:
A set A is said to be denumberable set if A is equivalent to N. It is also called
countably infinite set.
 Countable And Uncountable set
A set E is said to be countable if E is either finite or countably
infinite.

A set E is said to be countably infinite if E is equipotent to N.

A set that is not countable is said to be uncountable.

Basic examples of countably infinite sets.

(a) N, Z, Q;
(b) N×N, N×N×N,Q×Q etc

Basic examples of uncountable sets.

[0, 1], R, C, (0,1),
 Examples
Q[x] the set of all polynomials with indeterminate x and with coefficients in
Q. Q[x]\{0}∼N.

The integers Z form a countable set. A bijection from Z to N is given by

f(k) + 2k if k ≥ 0 and f(k) = 2(−k) + 1 if k < 0. So, f maps 0, 1, 2, 3… to
0, 2, 4, 6… and f maps −1, −2, −3, −4… to 1, 3, 5, 7….

The Algebraic Numbers

A real number x is called algebraic if x is the root of a polynomial equation
c0 + c1x + … + cnx
n where all the c’s are integers.
 Some Properties

• Every subset of a countable set is countable.

• Every infinite set contains a countably infinite subset.

• If A and B are countable sets then A ∪ B is countable.

• If A1, A2, . . . , An are countable sets, then ∪Ai is countable.

• N × N is countably infinite.

• If A and B are countable then A × B is countable.