A EDDA Lec 4 Approaches To CDA

ENG109 -
Approaches to English Discourse and Discourse Analysis
Topic: Approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis

NORMAN RALPH ISLA
INSTRUCTOR
APPROACH
- Way of dealing with something

- Perspective or a guided viewpoint of
how to collect, analyze and interpret the
data and (of course) to apply the results
in real setting
Approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis
Discourse - Historical Approach by Ruth Wodak
Socio-Cognitive Approach by Teun Van Dijk
CDA as Social Scientific Method by Norman Fairclough

Discourse-Historical Approach
(Ruth Wodak)
This adheres to the socio-philosophical orientation of critical

theory. It follows a complex concept of social critique.
(Viewpoints)
1. ‘Text or discourse immanent critique’ aims at discovering
inconsistencies, (self-)contradictions, paradoxes, and
dilemmas in the text-internal or discourse-internal structures.
2. Socio-diagnostic critique is concerned with the demystifying
exposure of the – manifest and latent – possibly persuasive or
‘manipulative’ character of discursive practices.
(Viewpoints)
3. Prognostic Critique contributes to the transformation and
improvement of communication (like within public institutions by
elaborating proposals, and guidelines for reducing language
barriers in hospitals, schools, courtrooms, public offices, and
media reporting institutions.
(Principles in selecting a theory)
1. The language is interdisciplinary.
2. Interdisciplinary is located on several levels: in theory, in the
work itself and in practice.
3. The approach is problem oriented, not focused on specific
linguistic items.
4. The theory as well as methodology is eclectic; that is theories
and methods are integrated which are helpful in
understanding and explaining the object under investigation.
5. The study always incorporates fieldwork and ethnography to
explore the object under investigation (study from the inside) as a
precondition for any further analysis and theorizing.
6. The approach is abductive: a constant movement back and forth
between theory and empirical data is necessary.
7. Multiple genres and multiple public spaces are studied, and
intertextual and interdiscursive relationships are investigated.
Recontextualization is the most important process in connecting
these genres as well as topics and arguments (topoi)
8. The historical context is always analyzed and integrated into the
interpretation of discourses and texts.
9. The categories and tools for the analysis are defined according to all
these steps and procedures as well as to the specific problem under
investigation.
10. Grand theories serve as a foundation. In the specific analysis, middle
range theories serve the analytical aims better.
11. Practice is the target. The results should be made available to experts
in different fields and, as a second step, be applied with the goal of
changing certain discursive and social practices.
Discursive Strategies
(Steps according to Wodak)
1. Sample information about the co- and context of the text
(social, political, historical, psychological and so on.
2. Once the genre and discourse to which the text belongs have
been established, sample more ethnographic information;
establish interdiscursivity and intertextuality (texts on similar
topics, texts with similar arguments, macro-topics, fields of
action, genres).
3. From the problem under investigation, formulate precise
research questions and explore neighbouring field for
explanatory theories and theoretical aspects.
4. Operationalize the research questions into linguistic
categories.
5. Apply these categories sequentially on to the text while using
theoretical approaches to interpret the meanings resulting from
the research questions.
6. Draw up the context diagram for the specific text and the
fields of actions.
7. Make an extensive interpretation while returning to the
research questions and to the problem under investigation.
Socio-Cognitive/Multidisciplinary Approach
(Teun van Dijk)
CDA is a critical-perspective on doing scholarship: it is, so to

speak, discourse analysis with an attitude. It focuses on social
problems, and especially on the role of discourse in the
production and reproduction of power abuse / domination.
(Tenets of this Approach)
DISCOURSE
COGNITION
SOCIETY
(Socio- Cognitive and Linguistic aspects)
1. adheres with socio-cognitive interface of discourse that deals with
real-world problems that may need historical, cultural, socio-
economic, philosophical, logical or neurological approach
2. needs linguistic basis (broad structural-functional sense) – the
detailed structures, strategies and functions in grammatical,
pragmatic, interactional, stylistic, rhetorical, semiotic, narrative,
similar forms of verbal and paraverbal organization of
communicative events.
(Structure)
 SEMANTIC
MACROSTRUCTURES
 FORMAL STRUCTURES
 LOCAL MEANINGS
(MICROSTRUCTURES)
(Formal structures)
1. These are the text or talk that are controlled or controllable by the
speakers;
2. It may include intonation, syntactic structures, propositional
structures, rhetorical figures, turn-taking, repairs, pauses and
hesitation.
(related to the Macro and/or Microstructures)
1. Context Models (global or local)

2. Event Models (situations)
3. Action, Actors and Societal Structures
4. Social Cognition
(Social Cognition)
1. Knowledge (cognitive values; it could be personal, group or
cultural knowledge)
2. Attitudes (socially shared opinions)
3. Ideologies (basic social representations of social groups)
(No Steps just Structure)
 SEMANTIC
MACROSTRUCTURES
 FORMAL STRUCTURES
 LOCAL MEANINGS
(MICROSTRUCTURES)
CDA as a Social Scientific Method
(Norman Fairclough)
CDA tries to incorporate the view of language as an integral element of

the material social process.
Here, semiosis is part of the interpretation. It includes all forms of

meaning making – visual images, body language, written or spoken.
Also, the social life is an interconnected networks of social practices of

diverse sorts (economic, political, etc.)
(Norman Fairclough)
(Social Practice)
1. Productive activity
2. Mean of production
3. Social relations
4. Social identities
5. Cultural values
6. Consciousness
7. Semiosis
(Analytical Framework/CDA)
1. Focus upon a social problem which has a semiotic aspect.

2. Identify obstacles to it being tackled, through analysis of
a. the network of practices it is located within
b. the relationship of semiosis to other elements within
the particular practice(s) concerned
c. the discourse
- structural, interactional, interdiscursive,
linguistic,
semiotic
(Analytical Framework/CDA)
3. Consider whether the social order (network of practices) in a sense

‘needs’ the problem
4. Identify possible ways of the past obstacles
5. Reflect critically on the analysis (1-4)

SAMPLE TOPICS
THE NEW MARCOS
DISCOURSE-HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE REPRESENTATION OF
RODRIGO DUTERTRE AS “FERDINAND MARCOS”
NO MORE LANDS
TO PLANT
DISCOURSE-HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF CYNTHIA VILLAR’S VIEWS ON
AGRICULTURAL STATUS IN THE PHILIPPINES
THE UGLY TRUTH
SOCIO-COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF “HALLYU” INDUSTRIES
HARRY ROQUE
AND THE
SORCERER’S
STONE
SOCIO-COGNITIVE PATTERNS IN THE SPEECHES AND BANTERS OF PS
HARRY ROQUE
CAUGHT RED-
HANDED:
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HANDS OFF CAMPAIGN AGAINST
CPP-NPA
LOVE WINS FROM
VATICAN
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF PAPAL COMMENTS ON SAME-SEX
CIVIL UNION
“IT’S NOT HOT IN
HERE!”:
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF NEWS ARTICLES DENYING
GLOBAL WARMING

A EDDA Lec 4 Approaches To CDA

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ENG109 -

Approaches to English Discourse and Discourse Analysis

Topic: Approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis

- Way of dealing with something

Discourse - Historical Approach by Ruth Wodak

Socio-Cognitive Approach by Teun Van Dijk

CDA as Social Scientific Method by Norman Fairclough

This adheres to the socio-philosophical orientation of critical

CDA is a critical-perspective on doing scholarship: it is, so to

1. Context Models (global or local)

CDA tries to incorporate the view of language as an integral element of

Here, semiosis is part of the interpretation. It includes all forms of

Also, the social life is an interconnected networks of social practices of

1. Focus upon a social problem which has a semiotic aspect.

3. Consider whether the social order (network of practices) in a sense

4. Identify possible ways of the past obstacles

5. Reflect critically on the analysis (1-4)

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