Chapter Five

Basic First Aid

Drawing;- is a process resulting in primary
respiration impairments from submersion in liquid
medium
The main problem of drawing are fluid enter to the
reparatory tract cause for aspiration
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Small amount of water entering the trachea causes a
muscular spasm that seals the air way and prevent
the passage of both air and water until un
consciousness occur .These means a person
drowning is unable to shout or call for help or seek
attention as they cannot obtain enough air
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Related
Terminology
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Near drowning;- Survive at least 24 hrs. a sub
emersion incident
Dry drowning;- Drowning in which no water
enters to the lung but they occurs laryngospasm,
hypoxia and loss of consciousness
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Wet drowning; - Drowning in water enter to the
lungs with aspiration of water. Dilution of
surfactant ,atelectasis (lung collapse) and ventilation
perfusion mismatch
Active drowning; victim is conscious .But
physically incapable of calling out .waving or grabbing
anything
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Passive drowning; victim is floating un
conscious at the water surface or sinking. generally
face down
Secondary drowning ;-Deterioration of
pulmonary function that follows deficient gas
exchange due to loss or inactivation of surfactant
Silent drowning;- Drowning without a
noticeable external display of distress
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How Does
Drowning Happen?
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 Lack of adult supervision (for children)
 Patient with
Seizures
Parkinson
Mayo cardial ischemia
Hypothermia
Head &spinal trauma
Alcohol & drug ingestion
Apnea
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Occurrence of injury inside the water
Aspiration
Reflexive laryngospasm
Hypoxemia
Lung injury
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Pre hospital care for Drowning
Out patient from the water
Asses ABC
If the patient is unconscious remove water from the
body
If necessary perform CPR
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NB Do not apply
 Heimlich (abdominal thrust )
 To apply C collar
Rewarming (to prevent
hypothermia)
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Emergency

management
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Shout for help
 No matter your experience or training having other
assist you is good idea
 Call emergency service immediately (939)or (907)
Be sure your swimming abilities
 They need /requires/ training and very good
swimming skill
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Dive in with an aid
 Do not attempt swimming rescue without a buoy on
hand
 drowning victims first reaction will be to climb on top of
you
swim to the victim
 use the free style to quickly get to the drowning person
 instructor the victim to grab the objective
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assess the person ABC (Airway,
Breathing and Circulation )
 determine the person is breathing in and out if
anything is obstructing his her air way
 if the person is not breathing feel for pulse on the
wrist or the side of the neck the pulse checked for
see
Head tilt and Chin left
chest Compression
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start CPR
 if a person have pulse rate

Give breath
 if a person is still not berating
follow 2 breath and 30 chest compression
 continue this cycle until the person begins breathing or
professional emergency help arrives
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Emergency Department

Care for Drowning Patient

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Administer IV fluid
Administer oxygen (keep oxygen
saturation >95%)
warm up dry off (to prevent
hypothermia)
monitor
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 Oxygen saturation
 Vital sign
 Pulmonary edema
 Mental status
 Arterial blood gas
continues positive air way pressure
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If a patient develop sever complication
 Admit a patient intensive care unit( ICU)
 Intubate Naso gastric tube or Oro gastric
tube
if drowning water is very contaminated
the patient need antibiotic
Prevention of drowning