British Enlightenment, historical and

philosophical background, main

representatives.
Historical and Philosophical Background
 Scientific Revolution:
The British Enlightenment was deeply influenced by the
Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, which introduced
new ideas and methods for understanding the natural world.
Figures like Sir Isaac Newton, who formulated the laws of
motion and universal gravitation, played a pivotal role in
shaping Enlightenment thought.
 Glorious Revolution (1688)
The Glorious Revolution in 1688, which
resulted in the overthrow of James II and the
ascension of William III and Mary II to the
throne, led to increased political stability and
the development of constitutional monarchy
in Britain. This event contributed to an
atmosphere of political and intellectual
ferment.
William III
Mary II of England
(William of Orange)
1689 – 28 December 1694
1689– 8 March 1702
 Empiricism
Empiricism, the philosophical doctrine that all
knowledge is derived from sensory experience,
was a central tenet of the British
Enlightenment. Philosophers like John Locke,
George Berkeley, and David Hume made
significant contributions to empiricist thought.
 Individualism and Liberty
Enlightenment thinkers in Britain emphasized
the rights and freedoms of the individual. This
focus on individualism and personal liberty
would later influence the development of
modern liberal democracy.
Main Representatives of the British
Enlightenment
John Locke (1632-1704): Locke is
often considered one of the
foundational figures of the British
Enlightenment. His "Two Treatises
of Government" (1689) argued for
the social contract and the natural
rights of individuals, including life,
liberty, and property.
George Berkeley (1685-1753):
Berkeley was an influential
philosopher known for his idealist
philosophy, which questioned the
nature of reality and the existence
of material substance. His work
had a profound impact on later
philosophers and idealism.
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731):
A prolific writer and journalist, Defoe's
notable works include the novel
"Robinson Crusoe" (1719).
His realistic storytelling and social
commentary in works like "Robinson
Crusoe" reflected Enlightenment ideals
of individualism, adaptation, and the
human capacity to overcome adversity.