PROCESS of TRANSKRIPTION,

TRANSLATION, REPLIKATION
DNA
BY :
Yoogie Andang G ( 08020072)
Istatin Nafiah ( 08020082)
Sakina ( 08020083 )
 PROCESS of
TRANSKRIPTION
• Process of transkription is process translating of
information of genetik of molecule of DNA into
molecule form of RNA which is synthesis by
specific enzym called RNA polymerase
holoenzyme.
• At process of transkription this there is 3 kinds of
RNA which is synthesis:
• mRNA ( RNA messenger)
• tRNA ( transfer of RNA)
• rRNA ( RNA ribosoma)
• At eukariota, besides third type of RNA, met by
type of RNA other that is RNA nuclear hetero
( and hnRNA) of small RNA nuclear ( snRNA
• At process of transkription happened
selectively because do not entire circuit of
DNA translated, but only at just certain genes.
this Selective arrangement instructed by an
specific regulator which arrange its on-off
gene to transcript
• Eukaryotic transcription takes place in
nucleus.
• In prokaryotes cells,trancription take place in
citoplasm
• In course of transkription needed by:
Enzyme:Polymerase RNA
-Eukariota:
1.Polymerase RNA 1 found on nucleus.
2.Polymerase RNA 2 found on nukleoplasma
3.Polymerase RNA 2 found on nukleoplasma
-Prokariota:Polymerase RNA
 Equipments of Translation
1.DNA template:

• As model printing
• Sequence of basa at RNA represent is
antiparallel from DNA printing
• Read of DNA started from area of promoter
and end in area of terminator.
2.RNA polymerase

• Functioning in RNA polymerase

• Holoenzyme structure from RNA polymerase is
compiled : β,β’,ω, and two sub unit α and also
σ, while ρ and nus A as supporter element.
• Transcription is classicaly described in three
steps:
1.initiation
2.elongation
3.termination
 INITIATION
• Initiation occurs when the RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds
at a special sequence in DNA called a promoter.The promoter
consists of consensus sequences containing specific strings
like TATA(pribnow box) and CAAT (in eukaryotes)
• An additional small protein,the factor sigma,attaches to the
polymerase and stabilises it,locking it on the DNA strand to be
transcripted.Then,the polymerase separates the double
stranded DNA to form a bubble allowing the first nucleoside
triphosphate to pair with the complementary DNA
nucleotide.
 ELONGATION
• factor of Sigma will be quit of enzyme
komplek of is core of
• There is possibility anti by factor of nusA
• Happened process of sintesis polymerize or of
ribonukleotida
 TERMINATION
• Area at DNA recognized by transkriptase ( nusA) as
end of process of traskripsi
• There are two terminating type
* Termina require factor  ( rho), to discharge
DNA-RNA komplek and of transkriptase needed by
factor  ( rho )
* Termination do not require factor  ( rho), to
discharge DNA-RNA komplek and of transkriptase
needed by factor  ( rho)
 PROCESS of
TRANSLATION
• Tranlation represent everything done by ARNT.
So kodon go out from core of hence kodon will
be read. Then, ARNT owning anti the kodon will
look for acid of amino as according to read code (
to be brought by ARND)
• The,n ARNT will bring acid of amino the reside in
sitosol and if sour ARNT mencri of amino hence
acid of amino the there must be. Because if one
of the kinds of there no, hence will happened
deficiencies or incompatibility according to acid
of amino
 Equipments of Translation
• mRNA
carrier of information of genetik
DNA
• tRNA
as sour conveyor of acid amino
• Ribosom
place take place of translation
(pregnant rRNA)
 tRNA
Structure nip semangi leaf
( like letter of L)
Having juxtaposition side to
be is sour of amino acid
( back part 3’)
Having side of antikodon,
adherence place with kodon
at mRNA
Amount of in cell 61 type of
tRNA
 Phases of Translation
1. Sour activity of amino
2. Initiation enchain polipeptida
3. Elongation enchain
4. Termination and Iiberation
5. Packaging and processing of result of
transkription
PROCESS of REPLIKATION
• Replikation : process increase of materials of
genetik ( genom : DNA and of RNA )
• Process which early growth of cell
• Replikation will follow by forming of cells of
shoots which bring duplicate of substance
genetik result of replikation
• Materials composition of genetik cell of
shoots very identik with composition of
genetik mains cell. function of Replikation this
represent function of genotipik.
• Mistake of genetik substance replikation result
change of characteristic of shoot cells
• Structural difference of materials molecule of
genetik ( DNA) cause difference of mechanism of
replikation at prokariot and eukariot
• At prokariot Replikation started from one situs
early replikasi ( ORI) and take place secondly of
direction go to area of termination
• At eukariot Replikation started from many ORI,
second peripatetic of direction
• There is 3 hypothesis concerning DNA replikation that is:
semikonservatif, conservative and dispersif
• hypothesis of Semikonservatif : every double circuit
molecule of shoot DNA consist of one DNA mains just only
string and one single circuit of DNA result of new synthesis
• Conservative : double DNA Circuit of mains remain to join
while both circuity of DNA shhots consist of molecule result
of new synthesis
• Dispersif : molecule of DNA natural mains of fragmentation
so that DNA shoot consist of old molecule mixture
( molecule and induk) result of new sintesis
• model of Replikation semikonservatif give picture
that circuity of DNA mains share printing
( template) to forming of circuity of DNA new
• therefore, one part of the vital importance in
process DNA replikation is denaturation early circuity
of DNA is process enzymatic
• Denaturasi early happened at part of DNA which
referred as ORI
• Circuity of DNA open to form structure of referred
as fork of replikation
• fork of Replikation will make a move so that
molecule of DNA mains open step by step
• Each circuity of DNA which have separated,
functioning as printing for the gluing of
nukleotida-nukleotida will compile molecule
of new DNA
• Nitrogen base Sekuens of new DNA as
according to printing sekuens base of DNA
complementary of it
Materials Replikation of genetik need some especial component that is :
• Printing DNA
• Molecule of Deoksi ribonukleotida : dATP, dTTP, dCTP, and dGTP
• Enzyme of DNA polimerase : especial enzyme of polymerize synthesize of
nukleotida become circuity of DNA
• enzyme of Primase :synthesize primary sintesis to start DNA replikation
• Enzyme of Helikase : opener of circuity tying of DNA mains. Assisted by
enzyme of girase
• Protein of SSB ( protein binding strand single : stabilizing circuity of DNA
which have opened
• Enzyme of DNA ligase : continued of fragments of DNA
LITERATURE