Chapter 08 - Modularization Techniques

IBM Global Services
Modularization Techniques
Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services
Objectives
 The participants will be able to:

 Create Subroutines
 Describe the various methods for passing Parameters to Subroutines
 Create Function Modules
 Call Function Modules from ABAP Programs
2 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

IBM Global Services
What Are Subroutines ?
REPORT YEXAMPLE1. REPORT YEXAMPLE2.
Calculate tax Call calculated_tax
Calculate tax Call calculated_tax
Subroutine
Calculate_tax

IBM Global Services
Modularization
REPORT YEXAM1. REPORT YEXAM2. REPORT YEXAM3.

Perform sub
Perform sub(YDEMOSB1) Call Function ZZCALC
Form sub
External FunctionModule
Call Call
REPORT YEXAMS1. ABAP Function Builder
Function module
Form sub ZZCALC

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Actual / Formal Parameters
Main 99 1
Program a1 a2 a3
Call Calculate_tax
Transfer values of fields a1 a2
Get value of field a3
Actual parameters a1 a2 a3
Parameter transfer
r ou t ine Formal parameters f1 f2 f3

Su b
Subroutine calculate_tax
99 1
f1 f2 f3
f3 = f1 +f2 . . . .

IBM Global Services
Methods of Passing Parameters
Pass by Value a1
b r ou tine
Su
Pass by Value and Result
f1
a1
Subro
u tine
Pass by Reference a1 f1
r ou t ine
Su b
f1

IBM Global Services
Declaring and Calling a Subroutine - Pass by Value(1) &

Reference(2)
REPORT Y170D091.
TABLES: ....
DATA: .…
.
.
.
PERFORM <name> USING
<a1> <a2>
<a3> <a4>.
.
.
.
FORM <name> USING
VALUE(<f1>)
VALUE(<f2>)
<f3> Pass by value
<f4>.
<statements> Pass by reference
ENDFORM.

IBM Global Services
Declaring and Calling a Subroutine - Pass by Value and

Result(3)
REPORT YSDEM000.
TABLES: ... .
DATA: ... .
.
.
PERFORM <name> USING
<a1> <a2>
CHANGING<a3>.
.
.
FORM <name> USING
VALUE(<f1>)
VALUE(<f2>) Pass by value
CHANGING VALUE(<f3>).
. Pass by value and result
.
f 3 =“A”.
.
.
ENDFORM.

IBM Global Services
Global versus Local Data

report y170dm86.
data: num(9) value ‘999999999’.
data: id like tabna-id, Global Data

name like tabna-name1.
. . . <statements>
perform sub1.
. . . <statements>
* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
* FORM SUB1 *
* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
form sub1.
data: begin of tab occurs 10, “ <----------- local data
id like tabna-id,
name1 like tabna-name1, Local Data
end of tab.
local: num . “ <----------- local data
. . . <statements>
endform.

IBM Global Services
Local Data in Subroutines
Statement Value Upon Value Upon Value Upon

Between Entering Returning to Main Entering
Subroutine First Program Subroutine Next
FORM… Time Time
ENDFORM
DATA Whatever the local If declared globally, Re-initializes based
DATA statement returns to old value, on local DATA
otherwise not statement
Initializes recognized
STATICS Whatever the local If declared globally, Last set value from
STATICS statement returns to old value, inside subroutine
initializes otherwise not
recognized
LOCAL Last set value from Last set value from Last set value from
main program main program main program

IBM Global Services
Passing Structures as Parameters
REPORT Y170D095.
TABLES: TABNA. This is passing the
DATA: ZTAB LIKE TABNA. TABNA work area
DATA: FLAG. only
.
.
PERFORM SUB1 USING TABNA. This is passing the
PERFORM SUB1 USING ZTAB. ZTAB structure
.
.
.
FORM SUB1 USING

REC STRUCTURE TABNA.
WRITE: / REC-COUNTRY,
REC-NAME1.
ENDFORM.

IBM Global Services
Passing Internal Tables as Parameters

REPORT Y170D093.
DATA : BEGIN OF TAB OCCURS 10,
F1 LIKE TABNA-COUNTRY,
F2 LIKE TABNA-NAME1,
.
.
.
END OF TAB.
DATA : X.
.
.
.
PERFORM SUB1 TABLES TAB
. USING X. .
FORM SUB1 TABLES FRED STRUCTURE TAB

USING Z.
LOOP AT FRED.
WRITE: / FRED-F1
FRED-F2.
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM .

IBM Global Services
External Subroutines
PERFORM <name>(<prog name>) USING . . .
REPORT Y170D096. REPORT Y170D097.

TABLES : TABNA, TABLES : TABNA,
T001, T005. T001, T001G.
. .
. . Roll Area
. .
TABNA
START-OF-SELECTION. START-OF-SELECTION
. . T001
. .
. . T005
PERFORM FORM SUB1 . . . . T001G
SUB1(Y170D097) . . . . .
. Y170D108
.
. . Y170D109
. NEW-PAGE.
.
.
. Storage Allocation
ENDFORM

IBM Global Services
Demonstration
 Creating a subroutine in a program to modularize the logic.

IBM Global Services
Practice
 Creating a subroutine in a program to modularize the logic.

IBM Global Services
Function Modules
Function Builder
FM Group : FIBU
FM_01 ...
Program 1 FM_02 ... Program 2
FM Group : XYZ
CALL FUNCTION CALL FUNCTION
FM_03 ...
‘FM_02’ ‘FM_02’
FM_04 ... ...
...
Program 3
CALL FUNCTION
‘FM_02’
...

IBM Global Services
Function Module Parts
FM -02
Section I … Administration FM Group : FIBU
Section II … Interface
FM_01 ...
Chapter 1 … Import FM_02 ...
Chapter 2 … Changing
Chapter 3 … Export
Chapter 4 … Tables
Chapter 5 … Exceptions
FM Group : XYZ
Section III … Documentation
FM_03 ...
Section IV … Source Code
FM_04 ...
Section V … Global Data
Section VI … Main Program

IBM Global Services
Creating a Function Group

IBM Global Services
Function Module

IBM Global Services
Interfaces
Program XYZ.
Call function
‘Y_DEMO_FUNC’
Import
Changing
Export
Tables
Function Module
Exceptions Y_DEMO_FUNC

IBM Global Services
Import/Export Parameter Interface
‘LIKE’ Default value
Pass parameter
Parameter name by reference
‘TYPE’ Flag parameter

as optional

IBM Global Services
Table Parameters/Exceptions Interface & Documentation
‘LIKE’
Flag parameter
as optional
Parameter name
‘TYPE’

IBM Global Services
Function Module Source Code

function y_demo_function_module.
*” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*” Local interface:
*” IMPORTING
*” REFERENCE(FIELD1) LIKE TABNA-COUNTRY
*” EXPORTING
*” VALUE(FIELD3) LIKE TABNA-NAME1
*” TABLES
*” TAB STRUCTURE TABNA
*” CHANGING
*” VALUE(FIELD2) LIKE TABNA-ID
*” EXCEPTIONS
*” INVALID_DATA
*” SYSTEM_ERROR
*” --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
endfunction.

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Exceptions
INVALID_OPERATOR
Function Module
...
IF...
RAISE INVALID_OPERATOR.
* MESSAGE. . . RAISING
INVALID_OPERATOR.
ENDIF.
...

IBM Global Services
Example - Raising Exceptions

case operator.
when ’+’.
result = operand1 + operand2.
when ’-’.
result = operand1 - operand2.
when ’/’.
if operand2 <> 0.
result = operand1 / operand2.
else.
raise division_by_zero.
endif.
when ’ * ’
result = operand1 * operand2.
when others.
raise invalid_operator.
endcase.

IBM Global Services
Calling a Function Module

report ymodemo message-id yj.
parameters: operand1 type i,
operator,
operand2 like operand1.
data: result type p decimals 2.
call function ’Y_CALCULATOR’
exporting
operand1 = operand1
operator = operator
operand2 = operand2
importing
result = result
exceptions
invalid_operator =1
division_by_zero = 2
others = 3.

IBM Global Services
Calling a Function Module (Contd.)

exceptions
invalid_operator = 1
division_by_zero = 2
others = 3.
case sy-subrc.
when 1.
message e001.
when 2.
message e005.
when 3.
message e007.
endcase.

IBM Global Services
Program Organisation
SAPL <gr>
L<gr>TOP
*System-defined include files
FUNCTION-POOL <gr>
INCLUDE L<gr>TOP. Message-ID ZZ.
INCLUDE L<gr>UXX DATA: “Global DATA
*User-defined include files
L<gr>UXX
INCLUDE L<gr> U01.
L<gr>U01 INCLUDE L<gr> U02.
FUNCTION FA. .
.
L<gr>U02 .
FUNCTION FB.

IBM Global Services
Subroutine Includes for Function Groups
Main Program
 System-defined include files INCLUDE L<gr> TOP.’ Global Data

 User defined include files INCLUDE L<gr> F01.’ Subroutines
ABAP program L<gr> F01 Call

FORM SUB1 USING . . . . FUNCTION . . .
. .
. .
. .
ENDFORM. PERFORM SUB1 USING . . .
FORM SUB2 USING . . . . .
. .
. .
. ENDFUNCTION.
ENDFORM.
.
.
.

IBM Global Services
Global Data / Local Memory in the Function Group
Global Data
L <gr> TOP
FUNCTION-POOL <gr>.
DATA: X
TABLES: . . .
Program Subroutines
FUNCTION . . . L <gr> F01
DATA: . . . FORM SUB1 USING...
MOVE X TO . . . DATA: . . .
ENDFUNCTION. MOVE. . . TO X.
ENDFORM.

IBM Global Services
Test Environment
Import parameters Tables
FM: Y170 DEMO

Does it work?
Export Parameters

IBM Global Services
Managing Function Modules
Administration

IBM Global Services
Remote Function Call (RFC)
Program Function Group

CALL FUNCTION. . . ABAP
FUNCTION-POOL . . . .
DESTINATION. . .
EXPORTING. . . Function
IMPORTING. . . Function Module
Module
TABLES. . . FUNCTION REMOTE_CALL
EXCEPTIONS. . . ...
RAISE ERROR.
...
ENDFUNCTION.
External program
RFCLid
External Program. . .
RfcOpen (. . .)
RfcCallReceive (. . .)
RfcClose (. . .)

IBM Global Services
Displaying Function Module

IBM Global Services
Modularization: The Include Technique

REPORT yinclude_technique.
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* YINCLUDE_TECHNIQUE_GLOBAL_DATA
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
CONSTANTS : yes(1) type c value ‘Y’, “ Yes Flag
no(1) type c value ‘N’. “ No Flag.
Data : company_name(50) type c, “ Holds company report is for
Include yinclude_technique_global_data. Report_id type sy-repid, “ Holds SAP report ID
Include yinclude_technique_subroutines. Report_name(30) type c, “ Holds IBM description
Errors(1) type c value ‘E’, “Flag if errors have occurred
Error_num type I value 0. “ Number of errors that occurred
* The use of START-OF-SELECTION is discussed in the interactive reporting

* Usually it is not required, unless using includes in this manner
START-OF-SELECTION.
* Set variables for this report
company_name = ‘Demo Company’(501). “ Text elements cannot clash with
report_name = ‘Include Demo’(502). “ those in includes
* All the code for the report would be here

* Errors variables will be set depending on if errors occurred *---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* YINCLUDE_TECHNIQUE_SUBROUTINES
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* At the end FORM sub_print_report_heading.
If errors = ‘E’.
Write : / ‘Report for:’(001) , company_name,
PERFORM sub_print_report_heading. / ‘Date is :’(002), sy-datum,
* Write rest of report / ‘Report Name:’(003) , report_name,
/ ‘Report ID:’(004), sy-repid.
ENDFORM. “SUB_PRINT_REPORT_HEADING

IBM Global Services
Demonstration
 Creating a function module and using it in a program.

IBM Global Services
Practice
 Creating a function module and using it in a program.

IBM Global Services
Summary
 Redundancy in program can be avoided using subroutines.

 Subroutines are used in three different ways: internal call, external call, a function
module stored centrally in the Function Builder.
 Parameters passed to the subroutine using one of the following three methods.
Pass by value, Pass by value and result, Pass by reference.
 The benefit of function modules lies in their reusability, which saves developers
from creating redundant code and increases programming efficiency.
 Function groups are collections of logically related functions modules.
Specification of a function group is required when creating a function module.
 The additional parameter DESTINATION is required for the remote call of a
Function Module.

IBM Global Services
Questions
 Why subroutine is used in the program?

 What is function module? What is the advantage of using it in the program?
 What are the different parameters of a function module?
 What is function group?
 How a function module can be remote enabled?

Chapter 08 - Modularization Techniques

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IBM Global Services

Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

 The participants will be able to:

2 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

What Are Subroutines ?

REPORT YEXAMPLE1. REPORT YEXAMPLE2.

Calculate tax Call calculated_tax

Calculate tax Call calculated_tax

3 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

REPORT YEXAM1. REPORT YEXAM2. REPORT YEXAM3.

4 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Actual / Formal Parameters

r ou t ine Formal parameters f1 f2 f3

5 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Methods of Passing Parameters

6 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Declaring and Calling a Subroutine - Pass by Value(1) &

7 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Declaring and Calling a Subroutine - Pass by Value and

8 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Global versus Local Data

data: num(9) value ‘999999999’.

data: id like tabna-id, Global Data

9 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Local Data in Subroutines

Statement Value Upon Value Upon Value Upon

10 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Passing Structures as Parameters

FORM SUB1 USING

11 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Passing Internal Tables as Parameters

FORM SUB1 TABLES FRED STRUCTURE TAB

12 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

PERFORM <name>(<prog name>) USING . . .

REPORT Y170D096. REPORT Y170D097.

13 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

 Creating a subroutine in a program to modularize the logic.

14 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

 Creating a subroutine in a program to modularize the logic.

15 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

16 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Function Module Parts

Section VI … Main Program

17 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Creating a Function Group

18 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

19 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

20 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Import/Export Parameter Interface

‘LIKE’ Default value

‘TYPE’ Flag parameter

21 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Table Parameters/Exceptions Interface & Documentation

22 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Function Module Source Code

23 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

24 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Example - Raising Exceptions

25 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Calling a Function Module

26 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation

Calling a Function Module (Contd.)

27 Modularization Techniques | 3.08 March-2005 © 2005 IBM Corporation