Commerce

Commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services—

basically, people trading stuff they have or can do for things they

want or need.

It's like a big marketplace where buying, selling, and exchanging

happen.

‫کامرس د تولیدونکي او مصرف کوونکي تر منځ د رابطې په قایمولو کې مرسته کوي‬.

Trade and Aids to Trade in Commerce
In Commerce, "trade" is the exchange of goods or services

between people, companies, or countries.

 "Aids to trade" are things that help make buying and

selling easier, like good transportation, better

communication (like the internet), or even education about

how to trade well. They're tools or improvements that make

trading smoother and more efficient.

 Internal trade in commerce is just the buying and

selling of things within one country. It's when people

or businesses trade goods and services with others

inside the same country, without involving other

nations.
External trade in commerce is when people or

businesses from one country buy and sell things

with those from other countries. It's basically

trading goods and services between different

nations.
Wholesale trade is when businesses buy products in large

quantities from manufacturers or suppliers and then sell

them to other businesses, not to individual customers. It's

like buying a lot of things at once for a lower price per item

and selling them in smaller amounts to make a profit.

Retail trade is when businesses buy products

from wholesalers or manufacturers and sell

them directly to individual customers. It's what

happens in stores or online shops where you

buy things for personal use.

 Transportation in commerce means moving things (like

goods or products) from one place to another. It could be

using trucks, ships, planes, or trains to deliver items from

where they're made to where they're sold or used. It's like

the delivery service for stuff people buy or sell.

Insurance in commerce is like a safety net for businesses. They pay

a certain amount of money to an insurance company, and in return, if

something bad happens that they're insured for (like damage,

accidents, or losses), the insurance company helps cover the costs.

It's like a protective shield against unexpected problems that could

cost a lot of money.

 Warehousing in commerce is like a safe storage

place for goods or products. It's where businesses

keep their stuff before selling it. Warehouses hold

inventory until it's needed, making sure everything is

organized and ready to be sent out when customers

want to buy it.

Banking in commerce is like a helper for managing

money. Banks store your money, help you borrow if

you need, and let you pay for things without using

cash. They also give loans to businesses and help

with other financial services, like investments and

keeping your money safe.

 Advertising in commerce is like telling everyone

about a product or service you're selling. It's using

different ways, like TV, internet, or billboards, to

show people why they should buy something or use a

service. It's basically spreading the word to attract

customers.
 Middlemen or Intermediaries.

These are individuals or businesses that stand between the

producers (who make the products) and the customers (who

buy and use the products). Middlemen can include

wholesalers, retailers, distributors, or agents who help get

products from the producers to the end consumers.